Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

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Transportations Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 aircraft will need specially constructed terminals for boarding passengers and loading freight. Federal policy and funding could potentially accelerate the introduction of new rail, marine, and aviation technologies at a faster rate than current voluntary and market-based approaches. Funding of research and development activities could advance and facilitate some of the technologies that appear to be viable but have not been made commercial. Existing State programs in California and Texas help subsidize rail and marine technologies; while these programs have been undertaken with the goal of reducing air pollution emissions, some of the technologies they have encouraged are reducing greenhouse gas emissions as well. In particular, most of the railroad gensets and hybrid engines are located in these two States. Implementation of a Federal program could help facilitate the distribution of these technologies throughout the United States. Federal low-interest loan programs and tax incentives also have been adopted for purchase of various energy efficiency components and could be expanded to help defer capital costs for other types of equipment. For example, the EPA’s SmartWay program offers a variety of financing programs for the purchase or lease of idle reduction technologies, and the Energy Improvement and Extension Act of 2008 eliminated the 12 percent excise tax on idle reduction devices for new trucks (see Section 4.4.1). Adoption of energy-efficient technologies also may be encouraged through voluntary programs such as the U.S. EPA’s SmartWay Program. This program serves as a clearinghouse for information on environmentally beneficial practices in the freight industry, and offers public relations “branding” for those companies with notable environmental performance. Summary Evaluation Table 3.1A summarizes the strategies discussed in this section and presents estimates from the literature of per vehicle GHG reductions compared to conventional vehicles as well as a summary of key Federal policy initiatives that could be used to implement the strategy beyond current levels. 3-15
Transportations Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 Table 3.1A Vehicle Fuel Efficiency Options Summary Evaluation Strategy Per Vehicle GHG Reduction Compared to Conventional Vehicle Key Federal Policy Options 3.2 On-Road Light-Duty Vehicle Strategies Advanced Conventional Gasoline 8 – 30% Financial or regulatory incentives for improved fuel Vehicles efficiency (beyond current CAFE requirements) Diesel Vehicles 16% Financial or regulatory incentives for improved fuel/GHG efficiency Hybrid Electric Vehicles 26 – 54% Financial or regulatory incentives for improved fuel efficiency (beyond current CAFE requirements) Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 46 – 75% Funding for additional research on battery efficiency, performance, and cost Tax credits for early introduction/adoption 3.3 On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicle Strategies Retrofits of heavy-duty trucks to use aerodynamic fairings, trailer side skirts, low-rolling resistance tires, aluminum wheels, and planar boat tails Powertrain and Resistance Reduction for New Trucks 3.4 Transit Bus Strategies Assorted vehicle/ fuel options 3.5 Rail Power System Modifications • Common rail injection systems • Genseit engines • Hybrid yard engines • Hybrid line-haul operations Train Efficiency Improvements • Light weight railcars, aerodynamics, wheel to rail lubrication • Improving load configuration for intermodal trains 3-16 10 – 15% 10 – 30% 10 – 50% for hybrid electric buses 5 – 15% 35 – 50% 35 – 57% 10 - 15% 4-10% individually up to 27% Public recharging infrastructure and favorable utility rates for nighttime charging Financial incentives for purchase of retrofits Financial or regulatory incentives for improved fuel efficiency Requirements for proven technologies Demonstration programs/partnerships Financial support for transit agency purchase of advanced vehicles Financial incentives for purchase of retrofits Requirements for proven technologies Demonstration programs/partnerships Long-term price incentives for increased fuel efficiency
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Acknowledgments Transportation's Ro
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Table of Contents Transportation's
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List of Figures Transportation's Ro
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1.0 Introduction Transportation's R
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Induced Travel Demand Transportatio
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3.11 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Transporta
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Table 3.5 Findings by Strategy: Sys
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Strategy Name Travel Activity Commu
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6.0 Conclusion Transportation's Rol
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Printed on paper containing recycle
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Transportation’s Role in Reducing
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1.0 Introduction Transportation’s
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2.0 Low-Carbon Fuels Table of Conte
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List of Tables Transportation’s R
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� 2.1 Summary Overview of Low-Car
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Effects on Infrastructure Funding T
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Tax and tariff policy also can affe
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In 2006, approximately 43,000 mediu
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Market Penetration Transportation
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� 2.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP
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