Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

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Cost-Effectiveness Transportation’s Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 The costs of public information campaigns can vary widely, but can be modest in comparison to emissions reduction strategies that require investment in infrastructure or services. Costs are dependent on how the information is disseminated. If the information can be distributed on a web site that has already been established (such as www.fueleconomy.gov), then overall costs will be relatively low. Broadcast advertising is more expensive. Establishing a channel to deliver information to the public on the real costs of travel is useful for delivering new or different messages to the same audience later. Once a campaign becomes known and establishes trust with the public, then it can be adapted and enhanced with marginal effort. Programs such as SmartWay and Best Workplaces for Commuters have relied on direct outreach to target populations (shippers, employers) which requires somewhat more significant program resources, primarily to support the staff time required to conduct the targeted outreach. Cobenefits Public information campaigns will provide benefits to travelers and consumers by helping them make more informed choices, which should increase welfare and reduce transportation-related costs. EPA’s SmartWay program has been credited with saving truckers money and reducing fuel consumption and air pollution. EPA estimates that in 2004–2005, SmartWay projects saved 298 million gallons of fuel per year, saving truckers $850 million in fuel costs, and reduced NOx emissions by 25,000 tons and PM by 841 tons. Feasibility Public information campaigns have been implemented in the past and do not face any significant feasibility constraints. 5-97
Transportation’s Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 2 Driver Education/Eco-Driving Definition Eco-driving programs are directed at increasing vehicle fuel efficiency by affecting both driver behavior and vehicle maintenance. • Driver Behavior – Driver training programs are used to teach new or experienced drivers how to alter their driving behavior to increase their fuel efficiency and thus reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This includes measures such as avoiding rapid accelerations and braking, avoiding speeding, proper gear shifting, and the usage of cruise control. In-vehicle instrumentation to provide real-time feedback on fuel economy can be used as a standalone eco-driving strategy, or in combination with driver training programs. • Vehicle Maintenance and Equipment – Public awareness campaigns or other methods can be used to teach drivers how to properly maintain and equip their vehicle to achieve the greatest fuel efficiency and to lower greenhouse gas emissions. Such measures include proper tire inflation, lower rolling resistance tires, and lower viscosity motor oil. Eco-driving programs are becoming common in Europe, with some of the most extensive programs being implemented in the Netherlands due to their lack of compliance with European air quality standards. The Netherlands program is called the New Driving Campaign, and was started in 2000 by the Ministry of Transport, Environment, and Economic Affairs. It aims to increase fuel efficiency through driver training and energy usage labels for tires and vehicles (ICF, 2008). In Sweden, eco-driver training became mandatory in driver education program for new drivers starting in 2006, and for taxidrivers’ licenses in 2007. There are no known mandatory eco-driving training programs in the U.S., although there are some public education campaigns such as www.DriveSmarterChallenge.org, which is being led and evaluated by the Alliance to Save Energy. Also, the Michigan Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) is currently evaluating a proposed eco-driving program. Driving practices can also have an impact on truck fuel economy. Even highly experienced drivers can enhance fuel economy using techniques such as cruise control, 5-98 Driver Education/Eco-Driving Benefits: Moderate-High: 18-94 mmt CO2e in 2030 Direct Costs: Not estimated Net Included Costs: Net Savings: $0 to -$230 per tonne Confidence in Estimates: Low-Moderate • Benefits will depend upon widespread and sustained implementation over time Key Cobenefits and Impacts: Positive • Reduction in air pollutants and vehicle operating costs Feasibility: Moderate • Unproven ability to implement widespread education/training campaigns Key Policy Options: • Requirements for in-vehicle feedback instrumentation and revisions to driver education curricula • Funding for education programs
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Acknowledgments Transportation's Ro
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Table of Contents Transportation's
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List of Figures Transportation's Ro
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Transportation's Role in Reducing U
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1.0 Introduction Transportation's R
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Induced Travel Demand Transportatio
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3.11 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS Transporta
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Table 3.5 Findings by Strategy: Sys
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Strategy Name Travel Activity Commu
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6.0 Conclusion Transportation's Rol
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Printed on paper containing recycle
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Transportation’s Role in Reducing
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1.0 Introduction Transportation’s
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2.0 Low-Carbon Fuels Table of Conte
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List of Tables Transportation’s R
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� 2.1 Summary Overview of Low-Car
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Effects on Infrastructure Funding T
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Tax and tariff policy also can affe
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In 2006, approximately 43,000 mediu
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Market Penetration Transportation
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� 2.5 Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LP
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Development of a Hydrogen Infrastru
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� 2.9 Electricity Overview Many o
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Feasibility Transportation’s Role
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� 2.10 References Transportation
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Transportations Role in Reducing U.
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