Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions ...

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Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 1 2-24 Figure 2.14 Direct GHG Emissions Plus Fuel and Vehicle Cycle GHG Emissions Light-Duty Vehicles - Gasoline Heavy Duty Vehicles - Diesel Lifecycle GHG Emissions (Direct Emissions = 100) 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 Extraction +5 to 9% Fuel Shipment +1 to 2% Refining +18 to 19% Distribution +1% Note: Upstream emissions presented in this figure are the mid-point of estimates developed based on an analysis of the GREET model and the Lifecycle Emissions Model (LEM). Extraction +4 to 8% Fuel Shipment +1 to 2% Refining +9 to 13% Distribution +1% Fuel Cycle +24 to 31% Fuel Cycle +15 to 25% Vehicle Cycle +14 to 19% Vehicle Cycle +6 to 20% Manufacturing +12 to 15% Vehicle Transport +2 to 3% Manufacturing +4 to 17% Vehicle Transport +2 to 3% Source: U.S. EPA (2006). Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the U.S. Transportation Sector, 1990-2003 (EPA 420-R-06-003). Including infrastructure cycle emissions in estimates would further increase these figures. However, there is limited evidence on vehicle infrastructure cycle emissions, although research in this area has accelerated. The only published estimates incorporating infrastructure cycle emissions, as well as fuel and vehicle cycle emissions, are provided by Chester, as shown in Table 2.2 (for selected transportation modes). These results suggest that all together, fuel, vehicle and infrastructure cycle emissions increase emissions by one-half beyond operating emissions alone for light-duty vehicles and buses; double the emissions for rail transit; and increase aircraft emissions around a quarter. 56 For light-duty vehicles, the contribution of infrastructure construction, operations and maintenance is of roughly the same magnitude as each of the contributions of vehicle manufacturing and fuel production. For rail-transit modes, the relative contribution of infrastructure varies depending upon various factors, such as the amount of tunneling and the elevated right of way used in the system. 57 56 Chester, Mikhail Vin (2008). Life-cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation Modes in the United States. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley. 57 See Chester (2008), Figures 4 and 11.
Transportation's Role in Reducing U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Volume 1 Table 2.2 Life-Cycle GHG Estimates for Various Transportation Modes Vehicle Type On-Road Vehicles Operational emissions, g CO2e/ PMT Fuel, Vehicle, and Infrastructure Cycle emissions, g CO2e/PMT Total emissions, g CO2e/ PMT Percent Increase over Operational Emissions Alone Sedan 230 150 380 65% SUV 270 180 450 67% Pickup 420 200 620 48% Bus (Off-Peak Times) 470 210 680 45% Bus (Peak Times) 59 26 85 44% Rail Transit Systems Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) 64 76 140 119% Caltrain 74 86 160 116% San Francisco Municipal Transit Agency (Muni) Massachusetts Bay Transit Authority (MBTA)—Green Line Aircraft 69 101 170 146% 120 110 230 92% Embraer 145 230 60 290 26% Boeing 737 170 40 210 24% Boeing 747 150 50 200 33% Source: Chester, Mikhail Vin (2008). Life-Cycle Environmental Inventory of Passenger Transportation Modes in the United States. Institute of Transportation Studies, University of California, Berkeley. Notes: Calculations are based on average occupancies. The researchers analyzed particular rail systems as the rail life cycle emissions vary greatly by system. 2-25
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6.0 Conclusion Transportation's Rol
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1.0 Introduction Transportation’s
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2.0 Low-Carbon Fuels Table of Conte
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Effects on Infrastructure Funding T
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Tax and tariff policy also can affe
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In 2006, approximately 43,000 mediu
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Market Penetration Transportation
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Development of a Hydrogen Infrastru
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Feasibility Transportation’s Role
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� 2.10 References Transportation
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Transportations Role in Reducing U.
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