translation studies. retrospective and prospective views

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However, since there is an obvious symmetry in the uses and meanings of the different tenses as well, teachers may use this symmetry to their benefit. Once grammatical and semantic parallels between the English tenses are made explicit, students may create a new matrix and use it in order to explain the uses and meanings of any tense, the only variable in this situation remaining the time reference. The symmetry in the uses and meanings of the English tenses springs from the fact that each of the three aspects in English, i.e. the simple/indefinite, the continuous/ progressive and the perfect/perfective respectively, marks specific types of actions. For instance, the simple/indefinite aspect is used when making reference to repeated actions, to permanent situations or to state of affairs, the continuous/progressive aspect is favoured if special interest is shown in the development of the action or in its durative nature, whereas the perfect/ perfective aspect will combine with the other two, making reference to a past situation or event. Since the continuous and the perfective aspects have specific markers i.e. the auxiliary verbs to be and to have, respectively, this means that whenever these markers are present in the form of the verb, reference will be made to one of the types of actions expressed by means of the respective aspect. ASPECT TENSE PRESENT PAST FUTURE CONTINUOUS/ PERFECT/ SIMPLE/ PROGRESSIVE PERFECTIVE INDEFINITE progress + duration reference to a past event/situation - aux. verb TO BE aux. verb TO HAVE repeated actions, actions in progress actions started in the permanent at present, past and continuing situations, state of temporary up to the present affairs in the situations in the present present, modality repeated actions, actions in progress actions started in the permanent in the past, past and continuing situations , state of temporary up to another past affairs in the past situations in the past, modality moment repeated actions, actions in progress actions which will be permanent in the future, completed before situations , state of temporary another future affairs in the future situations in the moment or future future, modality action Table 8. Aspectual markers in English 182
In addition to this, mention should be made that there are adverbs which migrate from one tense to another, preserving their semantic content and making reference to the same type of actions. For example, the use of adverbs of frequency and indefinite time will point to the repeated nature of the action and to the neutral attitude on the part of the speaker if the simple aspect of a tense is used and to modality combined with repeatedness, if priority is given to the progressive aspect of the same tense. ASPECT TENSE PRESENT present repeated action PAST action repeated in the past FUTURE action which will be repeated in the future PRESENT PERFECT action repeated from a given moment in the past up to the present PAST PERFECT action repeated from a given moment in the past up to another past moment FUTURE PERFECT a future repeated action completed before another future action/moment SIMPLE/ INDEFINITE neutral He always buys expensive books. He always bought expensive books when he was a student. He will always buy expensive books when he has the chance to. He has always bought expensive books. He had always bought expensive books. He will always have bought the newspaper by the time I got home 183 CONTINUOUS/ PROGRESSIVE modality (irritation, annoyance, admiration, surprise, etc.) He is always buying expensive books. He was always buying expensive books when he was a student. He will always be buying expensive books when he has the chance to. He has always been buying expensive books. He had always been buying expensive books before getting his salary. He will always have been buying the newspaper by the time I got home. Table 9. Tense and aspect: neutrality vs. modality To conclude, I should say that the tables and figures above will hardly make students speak English over night, but they definitely will help them to fully understand the characteristics and specific behaviour of the English tenses. The extensive practice will ensure the transfer of all this information from the students’ short-term to their long-term memory.
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2008 Year I Issue 1 TRANSLATION STU
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2008 Year I Issue 1 TRANSLATION STU
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Translation Studies: Retrospective
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The publication of the first three
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Ruxanda Bontilă is an associate pr
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study on language and literature, o
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are a very good exercise in the leg
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Byronic disabuse and cynicism are s
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waves,/Seemed, in the shadow of the
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has the special vocation of watchin
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(e) naming of motifs, cross-motifs,
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Richard’s journey from childhood
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(After I had outlived the shocks of
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naively assumed that the ‘white
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intense enough for a tragedy, is ir
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etter than what already existed; th
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explicitly order him to kill Claudi
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ody is destroyed, without even havi
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emphasising her “melodious lay”
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and his uncle as “mighty opposite
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As Mandelbrot points out, this idea
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the internal mirror, regardless of
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patterns by means of which a litera
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This metafictional aside may be rea
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Like Nicholas, Conchis is a self-co
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magic, of legend and myth, the stor
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of fiction that faithfully renders
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emark that Nicholas is a selfish an
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Katherine Tarbox, in her turn, stat
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En fait, la préface représente l
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trouver des sources et une base de
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génération ’80 ; l’anéantiss
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Cuşnarencu, Hanibal Stănciulescu,
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Generaţia ’80 în texte teoretic
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The novel exploits the carnivalesqu
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“triumph of subjectivity”(Benja
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eader only variants of the past. It
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egarded as suspicious. Both Barnes
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with a flirtatious lady of sorts. O
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Other scholars, notably Carolyn Wal
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the Church. Could the pentagram rea
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he himself would become an insignif
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lame Sir Gawain? He enjoys the choi
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Textually, it presupposes a similar
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life in society and its repercussio
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The so-called A vocabulary constitu
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At this point, it seems necessary t
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tendencies fall into two categories
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professor-character is thus constru
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writing of a novel that does not re
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and indeterminacy” (Eagleton, 200
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consciousness, at a time when almos
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Though Bradbury makes a somewhat pa
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fragmentation, and in a whimsical m
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Thus, we can say that, instead of s
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It is known that the time frame in
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to the composition, the figure of C
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tympanum above the central west ent
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entrance, the pointed arch trimming
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trefoils and quatrefoils which exte
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Marino Malone, C. (2004). Façade a
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classes integrating email and the I
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Page 151 and 152: Translation Journal, 11, 4. Steccon
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Page 169 and 170: * WORKING PROTOCOL Difficulties enc
Page 171 and 172: Fresch, M. J. (2001). Using think-a
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Page 177 and 178: Who is the appellant (or respondent
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Page 187 and 188: The map suggested by Murcia and Fre
Page 189 and 190: Continuous, for example, means know
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