Miljø- og samfundsøkonomisk vurdering af ... - Miljøstyrelsen
Miljø- og samfundsøkonomisk vurdering af ... - Miljøstyrelsen
Miljø- og samfundsøkonomisk vurdering af ... - Miljøstyrelsen
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
4. Afgrænsning <strong>og</strong> udformning <strong>af</strong> livscyklus<strong>vurdering</strong>en ...................................... 56<br />
4.1. Formål .................................................................................................................................. 56<br />
4.2. Overordnede principper ....................................................................................................... 57<br />
4.3. Den funktionelle enhed ........................................................................................................ 57<br />
4.4. Tidshorisont .......................................................................................................................... 57<br />
4.5. Systemgrænser ...................................................................................................................... 57<br />
4.6. Datagrundlag <strong>og</strong> datakvalitet .............................................................................................. 59<br />
4.7. Systemudvidelse/allokering ................................................................................................ 59<br />
4.8. Kriterier for udeladelse <strong>af</strong> inputs <strong>og</strong> outputs ...................................................................... 59<br />
4.9. LCA-metode <strong>og</strong> miljøpåvirkningskategorier ...................................................................... 59<br />
4.10. LCA-modellen EASEWASTE ............................................................................................... 62<br />
4.11. Rapportformat, målgrupper <strong>og</strong> kritisk gennemgang <strong>af</strong> resultater .................................... 62<br />
5. Forudsætninger for miljø<strong>vurdering</strong> .................................................................. 64<br />
5.1. Scenarier............................................................................................................................... 64<br />
5.2. Indsamling <strong>og</strong> transport ...................................................................................................... 65<br />
5.3. Behandlingsanlæg ................................................................................................................ 67<br />
5.3.1. Balleteringsanlæg <strong>og</strong> sorteringsanlæg (MRF’s - material recovery<br />
facilities) ................................................................................................................ 67<br />
5.3.2. Forbrændingsanlæg .............................................................................................. 68<br />
5.3.3. Bi<strong>og</strong>asanlæg ........................................................................................................... 69<br />
5.3.4. Genanvendelsesanlæg inkl. primærproduktion ................................................... 71<br />
5.4. Marginal energiproduktion .................................................................................................. 77<br />
5.4.1. Marginal el i Danmark ........................................................................................... 77<br />
5.4.2. Marginal el uden for Danmark ............................................................................. 78<br />
5.4.3. Fjernvarme ............................................................................................................ 79<br />
6. Resultater <strong>af</strong> miljø<strong>vurdering</strong> ............................................................................ 81<br />
6.1. Vurdering <strong>af</strong> de samlede potentielle miljøpåvirkninger .................................................... 82<br />
6.2. Vurdering <strong>af</strong> ressourcebesparelser ...................................................................................... 85<br />
6.3. Vurdering <strong>af</strong> potentielle miljøpåvirkninger fordelt på livscyklusfaser .............................. 87<br />
6.3.1. Scenarie 1 <strong>og</strong> 2AFZ ................................................................................................ 87<br />
6.3.2. Scenarie 3AFZ <strong>og</strong> 4 ............................................................................................... 90<br />
6.3.3. Scenarier 5AF, 6AF <strong>og</strong> 7 ........................................................................................ 92<br />
6.3.4. Potentielle miljøbesparelser for hver genanvendelsesfraktion ........................... 93<br />
6.4. Rangordning <strong>af</strong> scenarier .................................................................................................... 95<br />
6.5. Følsomhedsanalyser ............................................................................................................ 96<br />
6.5.1. Naturgasbaseret marginal el ................................................................................. 97<br />
6.5.2. Biomasse betragtes ikke som begrænset ressource ............................................. 99<br />
6.5.3. Biomassebegrænsnings indflydelse på fjernvarmeproduktion ......................... 100<br />
6.5.4. Øget energieffektivitet på forbrændingsanlæg ................................................... 101<br />
6.5.5. Højere metanudbytte på Aikan-anlæg ............................................................... 102<br />
6.5.6. Bi<strong>og</strong>as substituerer naturgas .............................................................................. 104<br />
6.6. Konklusioner ....................................................................................................................... 105<br />
7. Metode for samfundsøkonomisk <strong>vurdering</strong> .................................................... 107<br />
7.1. Generel velfærdsøkonomisk metode .................................................................................. 107<br />
7.1.1. Ikke værdisatte effekter ...................................................................................... 108<br />
7.1.2. Usikkerheder ....................................................................................................... 108<br />
7.1.3. Fordelingsmæssige konsekvenser ...................................................................... 108<br />
7.2. Centrale forudsætninger <strong>og</strong> antagelser i den samfundsøkonomiske analyse ................. 108<br />
7.2.1. Beregningspriser <strong>og</strong> værdisætning <strong>af</strong> miljøeffekter ........................................... 109<br />
7.2.2. Diskonteringsraten .............................................................................................. 110<br />
7.2.3. Skatteforvridning <strong>og</strong> netto<strong>af</strong>giftsfaktor............................................................... 110<br />
7.2.4. Ge<strong>og</strong>r<strong>af</strong>isk <strong>af</strong>grænsning ........................................................................................ 111<br />
4 Miljø- <strong>og</strong> samfundsøkonomisk <strong>vurdering</strong> <strong>af</strong> muligheder for øget genanvendelse <strong>af</strong> papir, pap, plast, metal <strong>og</strong> organisk <strong>af</strong>fald fra<br />
dagrenovation