n - University of Newcastle

1 6 AN AUSTRALIAN LAFGU.4GE.
If it is desired to give emphasis to the iclea that the action is con-
tinuative, a separate word is usecl to denote this. Thus alelz,
wilich is the strengthenecl form of en, is purely a participle with-
out distinction of time. The forms in ?., I-e are simple variations of
19, and seldom usecl. The forms in g, ng-g, are from ga, 'to go on,'
aud those in b from bn, ' to make,' ' cause to be.' The following
table mill show the rarious possible forms in which a verb may
be found. The separable demonstrative particles inserted in the
tsble are :-he, bot, yun, de, ji. Bo ancl be seem to adcl notlung
to the meaning ; yzob means ' there'; di or ji means ' to ' or 'at.'
To the forms in italics, the separabb demonstrative particles are added.
,--Simple- , -Componncl. -
"1. -a, -e, -ncle. -ale -ga. -pi& -ball&.
7
-el&.
-errat.
-g;a. -ggle.
2. -ah.
-ela.
-alela.
-elel&.
-gala.
-g;ala.
-cale!a.
9
-,galela.
-bulela.
-erralat.
3. -an.
-anbe.
-Ian.
-rant.
-ran.
?
-=an.
-alzji.
4. -anne.
-inne.
-alinne. -nklne.
?
-gi me.
-nalinine.
-&alinne.
-bulenne.
-unne.
5. -oro. -aloro. -galore.
-eloro. -&galore.
6. -en.
-er~yzc?z.
-nloroby.
-allen.
-arent.
-wn.
?
-ggen.
-gnloroby.
-uallen.
?
-ggallen.
-bulen.
-bulelzji.
-trllenji. -gel+ -gnlbl?ji. -buleny~lz.
7. -inns ; 8. -ian ; 9. -ia, -aia, -8 ; compouncl, -nlia ; 10. -ai ;
compouncl, -bai ; 11. -enden ; compound, -genclen, -ggenden ; bunclen.
"The numbers indicate the BIoods and Tenses ; thus, 1 is the I?nperatiue
Jfood ; 2, The Present Tense ; 3, Tlie Future Tense ; 4, Il'lie Past (unjnished) ;
5, The Past (.f~ziahed) ; 6, A Participle form (oflsn past) : i, A Pal-ticiple
fornt (generully pres~nt) ; 5, A Participle form (oj:en passive) ; 9, A AToz61t
fornt of Fe~e, bal action (the i11jnitiz.e) ; 10, The Stib,'tlltctice, i.e., the .form
which the verb takes when compo.u~tded with Azixilialy Verb9 ; 11, A Participle
form (gertcrally passive.) 2, 3, 4, and 5 are of the Indicative &Iood.
Besides these, there are some other compound verbal suffixes
which are formed from indn and ?,$a, and from b and ba, as shown
THE XISTUSC DIILECT.
17
IG~ZCZCL, ' make.' .
his, as a principal rerb, has all the forms of the simple su$xes
except KO. 11, ailcl many of the coi~lpouilcl ones ; as, kindn-bu lela,
kincla-galoroby, kc. It son~etinles takes the form, thougl: rarely,
of kigge, ancl, as such, enters into coll~position wit11 other verbs ;
but the usual methocl of compounding it with verbs is to omit the
k, and use only the terminations ; as, bo-al6, ' be great,' bo-inclal&,
'be n:acle great.' In the AIinyug dialect, when two words are
brought together, it is common for the secoilcl to lose its initial
consonant. lii,zcln itself is a deriratire from dch, mhich is in use
to turn nouils and acljectives into verbs ; as, urnbin, 'a house,'
um bin-cla, ' make a house.'
Bcc, ' cause to be.'
Zn, as a locative, is also a noun-su5ix, but, like dn, it helps tcr
convert other morcls into verbs ; as, kirriba, 'awake.' As already
noticed, it enters into composition rritll verbs, lengtheniilg their
forms, at times, without aclcling to or altering their meaning. As
part of a principal verb, it generally has the meaning of 'cause to
be '; as, ny arry, ' a name,' ny arri-ba, ' give a name ' 01- ' cause to
ha~e a name.' It is also attached to the past tense, and is often
used when a secondary verb is in a seiltellce ; e.g., monno me bit ro
kunjillinileban nobo, 'that fire mill be lightecl' (uncle to burn)
to-morro\~.'
-K7, 'make,' ' cause to be there,' 'cause' generally.
This is one of the nlost important verbal suExes in the language.
,4s a nou~l-s~lEs, it has the sense of 'in,' ancl many of its derivative
words have the iclea of rest in a place,' and not of causation.
Jfaiffi means 'in a place,' while Laia meals 'go to a place.' Wain:aia
means ' it is above '; waikaia, ' go above.' It is eviclent
that l1zn originally meant both.' there ' ancl' cause to be ' generally..
But, after all, there is nothing strange in this. Eren no\v, with
all the variation of forms, a good cleal of the meailing of n speaker
depends upon the tone of the T-oice or the gesture of the hand.
TVe call coilceive of a demonstrative as meaniag (1) 'there,' (5) 'go
there,' (3) 'be there,' (4) 'cause to be there,' according to the tone of
voice ancl the sulject of conversation. Ally acljective can take this
suffix ; as, yily 61, ' sick,' y ily 61-ma. 'cause to be sick7; clukkai,
'dead,' dukai-ma, 'to Bill.' It enters into conlposition with adverbs
of place as well ; as, with mai, ' above,' ancl kully, ku nd y, q.v., it
gires maikalkullima, 'put crosswise,' waiknnclima, 'put on.'
It sometimes follows acljectix-es ; as, bunyarra-ma yerritbil,
' make a good song7; and sometimes pronouns ; as, kaibi-ma
junak, 'make another hiuldle.' With verbs, it is sometinles
b