n - University of Newcastle

60 AX AESTULIhS LLYOVAGE.
4
111 the forn~ation of the tenses ancl mocliiications, the letter r
is changed into its relative liquid 1, and ?a, for the sake of euphony,
is changed into ?IL by assimilation. Euphony also requires an a
terminating the root to be modified into the diphthong ai ; and
?d, on accouilt of the influence of the preceding i, beconles ndy.
THE TESSES.
There are no fewer than ten tenses in the language; besides
those conlmon to most languages, some are peculiar tenses which
have an aclverbial signification.
The following shows the conjugation of a simple verb :-
Buma, 'beat.'
IKDICATIVE ~IOOD.
T. 1. (Present Tense).
Si.129. 1. GadcluSt bumarm I beat.
2. Gindu* bunxarra Thou beatest.
3. Guin* bumarra He, she, beats.
Dzcal. Galli bumarra We (tno) beat.
Galligu bumarra. He ancl I beat.
2'11~. 1. GBanni bumarra Ti-e beat.
2. Ginclugir bunlarra Tou beat.
3. Gaaingulia bumarra They beat.
T. 2. G~clclu bumalgarrin T! 6. Gaclclu bunlalinni
3. Gadclu Lumal6;urranni 7. Gstclch~ bumalgirri
4. Gaclcla bumae S. Gaclclu bunlalg~rriawagirri
5. Gacldu bunlalguan 9. Gacldu bumalgarrigirri
T. 10. (I;i~t.-pcrJ) Gadcln bumalyigirri.
The T. numbers here iuclicate the Tenses as on pzge 26 of this rolume.
ISFINITIVE.
Bumalli, 'to beat.'
IYPERATIVE.
Siszg. 1. Bumallidyu, ' let me beat.'
2. Bumalla (tbuma), ' beat thou.'
3. Bumallaguin barri, ' let him beat.':
Drcnl Galli bumalli, ' let us t-so beat.'
Gula&alliguiina bumalli, ' let him and me beat.'
PIzc. 1. Bumalli gkanni, ' let us beat.'
2. Gindugir bumalla (tbuma), 'beat you.'
3. Bumalla guaingulia barri, ' let them beat.'
*For el~lphasis use. here-Siptg. 1. yallu or balidu, or yalludu ; 2.
halnndu ; 3. balaguin. .t This abbreviated form is often used. : The
verbs ending in -ana or -anna diEer from this in I~np. siug. 1, 2,3.
TEE WIRLDIL~EI DIALECT. 61
VERBAL Noux.
Bumal&iclyal (bnmagidynl), ' beating.'
This form, belug a rerbal noun, cau never be usecl as a participle. In
the Greek lmgnage ancl the German, the infinitire sel-ves as a verbal nouu;
so also the Latin supine and gerz~zdire.
The forins mhicli supply our participles are classecl with the
modi6cations of the verb. The subjunctive is formed mith mall
a&, the optative with bai ; for there are no real subjunctive or
potential forms. Sentences of that description are expressecl by a
kind of auxiliary, such as garra or inallng ; or by the future
tense, with the conclitional conjunction y anclu attached :-
Yancl~znclu clalgirri, 'if I shoulcl eat.'
Gaddu garra clalgirri, 'I can o~ moulcl eat.'
Gaclclu mallag cli., ' I ~vould 01. should eat ' (07. have eaten).
Yanclundu n~allag dB, 'if you clid eat' (or moulcl eat).
Illalla 6; here is not a verb but a Inere subjunctive particle.
Nor is there a forin for tlie passive. A kincl of passire is sometimes
expressed by putting the sut?ject in the accusative, along
mith the active forin of the verb ; but the source mhence conles
the action is not named, for that can only be put in the agent-
~wnzinative case. Hence, it must bc that this is not in reality a
passive, but an active sentence ; only, for the sake of laying more
emphasis on the action done, the agent is omittecl.
TABLE OF COXJUG.IT:OSS, PRISCIP~L TENSES, AXD 3100~~.
Present.
1. Yannanna
Imperfect.
Yanilk
Prlfect.
Yan-nZn (i.e., -naiin)
Guna
2. Yuniia
Gun8
17utlnC
Gaguain
PnnnZn
3. Gumbiga
4. Bacldair-a
Gumbinno
Eaclilae
GumbinnIn
BacldalguZn
5. Gadclambirra Gacldmbie Gacldaibilgniin
FuCzire. I~z$~zitire.
1. Yai~na~i~ri Pannagi
Gagirri Gagi
3. Yuqirri Tnngi
In7p~mtiee.
Tannacla*
Gaga
Ynnga
3. Gumbigirri G~~cll~igi Guni!)idya
4. Badalgirri Badalli Fadalla
5. Gaddambilgil-ri Gacldambilli Gaclclambia
This table contains all the principal tenses-those in TX-hich
different conjugations vary. The other tenses of each conjugation
follow the model given for the verb bnmarra. Of course, not
every verb is usecl in all the tenses ; thus, yunnB, the inlperfect,
is not used. The nun~be~s indicate the conjugations.
P The imperative isoften shortened; as, nacla, na; galla, ga; malla, ma.