n - University of Newcastle

I?~tperatives are :-
Come here-kqma-kowa, yual Leave it alouk-bal or wanja
Go on-@ti Listen-aih-nih
Get up-hap Take care-garrodjin
Go away-watto Stay, remain-nannip
Tenses.
1. 2izclic. present.-For this, use either the infinitive or the form
of the present participle ; as, gaclj o clj inni g, ' I see '; but
ganya bumawin, 'I am beatmg.'
3. hzclic. p.eterite.-Use the past participle, 09, add -ga to the in-
finitive ; the relative clistance of the past periocls of time is
indicated by prefixing to the tense the words gori, 'just now,'
karam'., ' a short time since,' gorah, ' a long time ago.'
3. In.dic.fictu9-e.-Here the first and second personal pronouns
singular become gad.j nl and 11' y un clul, ' I will,' ' you mill.'
The distance of the future time is inclicated by placing before
the verb the aclverbs burcla, 'presently,' mcl mila for ally
more remote time.
4. Imperative 9,toocl.-Lay emphasis on the last vowel of the
present indicative.
5. Participle present.-Add -in or -win to the infinitive.
,, pnsf-Add -ga to the infinitive.
6. Pasi;ive voice.-Here the form of t.he sentence is elliptical;
therefore gany a, ginui are used wit11 the past participle and
the ablative of the instrument or cause.
DECLENSION OF A TRANSITIVE VERB.
Buma, 'to beat,' 'kill,' 'blow as a fiower!
Injinite-Buma. Part. yres.-Bumawin.
Part. past.-Bumiga.
Tense 1. "bumawin. 1'. 2. *gori bumiga. T. 3. iburda buma
T. 4. bnma.
These numbers indicate the Tenses as shown above.
*The pronouns to be used here are:-Sing. ganya, ginni,
bal; Plz~r. galata, n'yurag, balgun; but instead of ganya
and ginni, T. 2. takes gadj o and nyuildo ; there use the forms
gacljul, n'yundul.
Passive Voice.-For the passive voice, use the same tense-forms
as in the active voice, that is, buma for theyres. and the fut.,
and bumaga for the past, but prefix to them the nccusative cases
of the personal pronouns ; thus, ga n y a-i n go r i bum i ga, 'I was
THE DIALECT OF W. ACSTBALIA. 55
beaten lately'; lit., ' (some one) beat me lately.' Brit the ablative
of the cause or instrument may also be usecl to form a passive
voice; thus, ganya gicljial dtanniga, 'I am pierced by a
spear.'
TJhe substantive verb.-There does not appear to be any
copula ; it is certainly not usecl in such sentences as gaily a
yulap, 'I am hungry'; ginni kotyelara, 'thou art thin'; bal
windo, 'he is old7; galata gmabba, 'we are goocl'; n'yurak
cljul, 'you are ~vickecl'; balgun minclait, 'they are sick.'
The advc:rl~ is placed before the verb ; useful nd~-erbs are :-
After (behind)-golan-ga Never-yuatjil
Again-gar ro
No-yuacla
Allready-goi-i
Always--clowir
Before (in front)-gwaibagit
Close to ; near-barcluk
Continually-kalyagil
Enough-belik
Formerly-karamb
Here-n'y a1
How many-ilimmkn
Immediately-gwaib; ilak
Thus-wanno-i6
Yore-gatti-gatti
Not-bart; bru; yuada
Now-yaii
Perhaps-gabbain
So-wiimirik
So many-winnir
Tllat way-~vunao
Then-garro
There (prox.)-yellinya
,, (remote)-boko ; bokoja
Where-xvinji ; minjal ; y aa
Yes-qua
Yonder-bokoja
These are few in number :-
After (dat.)--golag On (upon)-gaclja
Among (21nl-tithe)--miincla To- -ak or -a1
,, (mixed with)-karclagor With (in compaily with)--
By (a&)- -il ,, gimbirn (takes the acc.) ;
In (within)-bura barduk (takes the dnt.)
of- -ak \~Ythout.--bm
In use, they are all post-positions, and are always placed czfter
the noun or pronoun. Gadj a is.usecl of one thing lying on another,
but never of anything lying on the grouilcL
A question is askecl by putting kannah at the encl of the sen-
tence; as, n'yundo tonka, kttnnah, 'do you hear'? Ananswer
may be given by clua, 'yes,' or by affixing -bi k to the word used
in reply; as, yallanait, 'what is that? burnu-bik, 'it is a
tree.' If the reply is negative, put bar t or b r u after verbs, and
y u ada after adjectives.