A Proposal for a Standard With Innovation Management System

Paula Odete Fernandes, João Ferreira and Cristina Fernandes
Cluster 1 (N=21)
High Entrepreneurial attitudes
and perceptions
Cluster 2 (N=12)
Medium Entrepreneurial
attitudes and perceptions
Cluster (N=21)
Low Entrepreneurial
attitudes and perceptions
Uganda Spain
United Arab Emirates United Kingdom
Yemen Venezuela
Our cluster results evidence that a achieve mix according this classification. However, we see on
cluster 1 is mostly constituted by factor-driven economies (9 countries) and efficiency-driven
economies (9 countries). The cluster 2 we have an incidence from innovation-driven economies (8
countries). Finally, the cluster 3 we have a high number for both innovation-driven and efficiencydriven
economies (respectively 10 and 9 countries).This classification in phases of economic
development is based on the level of GDP per capita and the extent to which countries are factor
driven in terms of the shares of exports of primary goods in total exports (GEM, 2009). When we
compare the High Status Successful Entrepreneurship (HSSE) with the Total Early-Stage
Entrepreneurial Activity (TEA), we obtain the following results (Figure 2).
The TEA rate is the proportion of people aged 18-64 who are involved in entrepreneurial activity as a
nascent entrepreneur or as an owner-manager of a new business (GEM, 2009). According the GEM
(2009) report the average pattern for the countries is of a decline in overall levels of early-stage
entrepreneurial activity with increasing economic development, and relatively low levels of necessity
entrepreneurship in innovation-driven countries. However, there are large variations in entrepreneurial
activity among the countries, since each country has a unique set of economic and social conditions
which can affect entrepreneurial activity. We can see countries with a high HSSE but with a very low
TEA, this is the case of factor-driven countries (Porter et al., 2002; GEM, 2009). Among factor-driven
countries, we have for example, Saudi Arabia, a rich state with a high reliance on income from oil
extraction, has a very high proportion of HSSE but presents a low TEA rate.
HSSE (%)
100
80
60
40
20
0
Saudi
Arabia
Finland
Japan Croatia
Belgium
Tunisia
Dominican
Republic
Algeria
Tonga
Islands
Yemen
Uganda
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
TEA (%)
Figure 2: High status successful entrepreneurship (HSSE) versus total early-stage entrepreneurial
activity (TEA), 2009.
4. Conclusions
Through the literature review we analyzed the importance of entrepreneurship for the development of
regions and countries. Entrepreneurship may arise the need to create their own employment. In
countries with high unemployment rates this may be an alternative to the difficulties in finding work. It
can also be a way of personal and professional fulfillment through the creation of own business. GEM
is a multinational project created to investigate the incidence and causes of entrepreneurship within
and between countries. The key benefit of the GEM methods is that the sample is drawn from the
whole working age population in each country and therefore detains both entrepreneurs and nonentrepreneurs.
In this sense, the GEM provided the data we utilize in our study and it allows us to
analyze the entrepreneurial attitudes and perceptions among countries included.
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