2. Philosophy - Stefano Franchi

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96 A BSOLUTE( S ) SPIELEN Nonetheless, the sequence of confrontations, e.g. the antagonistic, game-like Spiel cannot go on forever without coming to a close, otherwise there would be no rationale and its meaning would have to be found outside of it (which means: outside of human history, outside of this world and this thought, in an otherworldly universe inaccessible to us). This may well be the case, but philosophy cannot accept an answer that would doom it to the irrelevance of a consolatory discipline (in the literal sense, also, of being forced to take up a disciplinary role: how, otherwise, could we control the madness springing forth from an incomprehensible, non-human world?) <strong>Philosophy</strong>’s raison d’être is that there must be a way to make sense—and express in concepts— the true way things are. This translates into the necessity of a closed system. The concept of Spiel used by Hegel captures the property of closure in its play-like side. Play is the paradigmatic self-enclosed activity that is totally bent upon itself and does not need to refer to its outside to be both valuable, meaningful, and rewarding. However, if closure is no doubt necessary, it is far from clear what this closure is about, or, more precisely, what it closes. It is necessary, for example, to transform work, the real work of the negative in effective history, into a game being played. It is only because the work, once performed, is recognized as the necessary part of a concluded and self-enclosed process that the process itself can be understood as a game. The necessity of closure dis- qualifies any “open,” pantragic solution to the problem of the absolute. Still, it does not necessarily follow that a closed system has to reduce Reason to Fate, as Habermas con- tends. To put it differently: closure, the circle of circles, etc., are just the names, the signa- tures, so to speak, of the Hegelian concept that unites, in my terms, the playful and the serious, the negative and the affirmative. The necessity that the system be closed reinforces and repeats the demand—a demand perhaps impossible to satisfy—that Hegel imposes on the concept. In itself, however, closure does not provide an answer. To uphold the necessity—totally internal to Hegel’s thought— of a closure as the visible mark of his inevitable defeat and ultimate surrender to a pantheistic fatalism just misses the point. The issue is to understand what closure means, what it closes and what comes together in that closure. The issue is whether that closure is indeed possible, which means: whether Absolute Knowing
B ORDERING PHILOSOPHY holds itself together and whether it holds itself in front of the negative by transforming it into a play of divine love—without ever ceasing to stare into the face of death. The end of philosophy, then, requires the simultaneous presence of these two seeming- ly contradictory features. Absolute knowing must be both open-ended and closed. This seems to be an impossible, desperate task to accomplish and Hegel seems to be proclaim- ing, in fact, the terminus of philosophy: if the task ahead is impossible the completion of philosophy cannot be reached in principle and philosophy itself is doomed. My suggestion is that the concept of Spiel is an effort to think such an impossible closure because Spiel presents us—or so it seems, given its still very imprecise form—with the analogous paradox of a closed structure that exhibits freedom and accepts negativity as the mark of its inside. 3. Bordering philosophy Let us now reflect on the status of this tripartite connection between Hegel’s Absolute Knowing, the end of philosophy, and Spiel that I have been trying to retrace. First, let us consider the logical level at which this connection is located. It will be seen that it is not placed, by and large, within the Hegelian system, insofar as such connection determines the general form that a solution to the problem of the end of philosophy must possess in order to count as such. In other words, the gesture that brings together the end of philosophy and Spiel specifies the set of constraints—embodied by the latter—that the accomplishment of philosophy must satisfy. The Hegelian system, whatever the ultimate truth about it, must therefore be seen as the effort trying to satisfy the conditions that the concept of Spiel em- bodies. As such, the system itself is located at what we might perhaps call a logically sub- ordinate level. A very important consequence follows from this statement: the validity of the connection itself is logically independent from the truth of the Hegelian system and rests solely on the original premisses of his argument about the most general features of philosophy. In particular, it rests on Hegel’s assumptions about philosophy as a search for truth and about 97
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ENDGAMES Game and Play at the End o
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I. Prelude 1. Mr. Palomar 3 2. Mr.
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PRELUDE
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M R . PALOMAR will make clear, hope
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M R . PALOMAR’ S CHECKMATES I wil
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M R . PALOMAR’ S CHECKMATES Conce
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M R . PALOMAR’ S CHECKMATES “sh
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M R . PALOMAR’ S CHECKMATES after
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI we have s
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI in a manu
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI securing
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI and combi
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tion: T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI 1.
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI interpret
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI biguity,
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T HE IRREPARABLE LIGHT OF DAWN the
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T HE IRREPARABLE LIGHT OF DAWN In M
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CHAPTER I THE END OF PHILOSOPHY in
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2. Philosophy P HILOSOPHY Discourse
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P HILOSOPHY cably intertwined that
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P HILOSOPHY As this passage shows,
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX inner contradic
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX for better or f
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX a series of eve
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX Let us go back
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX then I am clear
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Page 107 and 108: B ORDERING PHILOSOPHY informal expl
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Page 113 and 114: B ORDERING PHILOSOPHY The existence
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Page 117 and 118: S PIELEN, THE ABYSS, AND THE CHILD
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Page 131 and 132: T HE GREAT BEYOND completion. This
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Page 137 and 138: N ON-PHILOSOPHY does not build the
Page 139 and 140: N ON-PHILOSOPHY new fields of inqui
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O N THE VARIOUS MEANINGS OF “X IS
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B ETWEEN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND
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A RTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AS A NON-
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S TRUCTURALISM AND PHILOSOPHY sight
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S TRUCTURALISM AND PHILOSOPHY terme
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S TRUCTURALISM AND PHILOSOPHY Geert
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AI, STRUCTURALISM, AND SPIEL Of cou
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CHAPTER IV CHESS, GAMES, AND FLIES
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T HE DROSOPHILA OF AI. involvement
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T HE DROSOPHILA OF AI. analogy. 6 T
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T HE DROSOPHILA OF AI. engine of th
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T HE DROSOPHILA OF AI. tists belong
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G AME THEORETIC GAMES reductive. Th
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G AME THEORETIC GAMES There are two
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G AME THEORETIC GAMES player outsid
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G AME THEORETIC GAMES The typical g
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G AME THEORETIC GAMES After this ex
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G AME THEORETIC GAMES become the st
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS the diffi
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS “soluti
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS good move
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS possible
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS tive Beha
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS in 1958 a
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS tics pose
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CHAPTER V STRUCTURES (AND SPACES) i
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G AMES AND STRUCTURES same function
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G AMES AND STRUCTURES ically limiti
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conscious phenomena. F ROM LANGUAGE
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH ulating an e
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH ers, see as
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH sents itself
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Cadmos seeks his sister Europa, rav
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH of oppositio
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH blood relati
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH spected, and
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH It means tha
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S EARCH- SPACES AND STRUCTURES peat
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S EARCH- SPACES AND STRUCTURES or n
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S EARCH- SPACES AND STRUCTURES betw
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CHAPTER VI ANACLASTIC SUPPLEMENTS i
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T HE SUPPLEMENT We now have an answ
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T HE SUPPLEMENT Furthermore, let su
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T HE SUPPLEMENT bers of ~C and AB.
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T HE SUPPLEMENT the three sets A, B
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T HE SUPPLEMENT Notice, again, that
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F ORM AND CONTENT very word “stru
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F ORM AND CONTENT that the former p
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F ORM AND CONTENT completely differ
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F ORM AND CONTENT pressing games, e
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S TRUCTURE AND SUBSTANCE This does
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S TRUCTURE AND SUBSTANCE classical
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S TRUCTURE AND SUBSTANCE contexts]
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S TRUCTURE AND SUBSTANCE Strauss’
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S TRUCTURALISM, PHILOSOPHY, AND AI
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T HE CHALLENGE OF CLOSURE methodolo
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T HE CHALLENGE OF CLOSURE on any co
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T HE CHALLENGE OF CLOSURE ing to L
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T HE CHALLENGE OF CLOSURE other wor
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T HE ANACLASTIC ILLUSION OF A TRANS
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CHAPTER VIII A MOVABLE CONCLUSION w
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A FTER GAME- BASED SPIELEN Play, th
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REFERENCES Adorno, Theodor, Hegel:
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Johns Hopkins UP, 1974). Derrida, J
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Hewson, John, “Saussure's Game of
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Mirowski, Philip, “When Games Gro
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Searle, John, The Rediscovery of th
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2. Philosophy - Stefano Franchi

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