2. Philosophy - Stefano Franchi

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156 P HILOSOPHY, NON-PHILOSOPHY, AND SCIENCE jects. He concludes his review by saying: “Once Bob Dylan had troubles tuning his guitar. After many tries he concluded: ‘This is close enough for folk music.’ Perhaps The Society of Mind is close enough for AI.” Daniel Dennett raises the same point in “Artificial Intelligence as <strong>Philosophy</strong> and as Psychology,” and notices that professional psychologists often put together AI and philosophy in their disdain, joining the two fields in the “armchair” category. That is, both AI practitioners and philosophers alike enjoy indulging in armchair speculations with a “blithe indifference to the hard-won data of the experimentalist.” 37 The “broad generalizations and bold extrapolations” of Artificial Intelligence, in other words, betray its essential proximity to the method of philosophy. The implicit consequence of all this is quite interesting: far from being the crucial tool that brings an unprecedented degree of rigor to psychology, the engineering aspect of AI requires an “unscientific” disregard for the gritty details that are the essence of the experimental method. Engineering pulls AI, as it were, out of the scientific field altogether, and brings it back to philosophy, the un-empirical discipline par ex- cellence. Yet, the relationship between AI and philosophy has never been easy. In fact, even the presumption of similarity between the two fields sound pure blasphemy to most researchers in the field. In a recent paper, Philip Agre provides a vivid illustration of how deep the anti- philosophical feelings run (and especially ran) in the AI community. He remembers how, in his days in graduate school in AI, his fellow students “would convene impromptu two minutes hate sessions to compare notes on the futility and arrogance of philosophy. ‘They have had two thousand years and look what they’ve accomplished.’ Now it’s our turn.’” 38 The totally unbridgeable distance was remarked over and over again, and, as Agre remarks, was often expressed in a difference between “doing” and “Just talking.” <strong>Philosophy</strong> just talks about things—as one incredulous student put it to him once he had learned of Agre’s 37. DanielDennett, “Artificial Intelligence as…,” 110. 38. Philip Agre, “The Soul Gained and Lost,” Stanford Humanities Review, 4, 2, 1995, 1. Agre underlines how the strictly scientific borders of AI have been policed with great fervor. Only “the great old men” were allowed to talk “about” the field and take trips into other disciplines, and often, if not always, in different institutional settings.
B ETWEEN ENGINEERING, SCIENCE, AND PHILOSOPHY. own broader interests—whereas AI “does” something: it proves theorems, writes pro- grams, builds hardware. Agre’s anecdote captures the essential of the antagonistic relationship between AI and philosophy. In fact, its three crucial elements are all contained in the AI’s rebuttal against philosophy: “They had a two thousand year head start and look what they did with it.” First, the perceived similarity of intents: philosophy started to work on the same problems and is presumably still working on them. Second, the necessity to gain a distance: the effort has been so ineffectual that anyone wishing to advance in the same field has better find a different path toward the goal. Third and last, the recognition of the crucial difference: AI is going to succeed (or, at any rate, to fare better) because it has the tools to do something in- stead of wasting time talking over things. It should be emphasized that the emotional over- tones of the original statement can be toned down without changing the content in any substantial way. Thus, it may be granted that philosophy has had some good insights, in its two thousands year of bickering, but was unable to put it to proper use for a lack of proper methods. This slight rephrasing allows some collaborations between the two fields without violating their respective autonomies. Artificial Intelligence is allowed to look to philosophy for some raw and fuzzy ideas to turn into neatly polished mathematical form. The big “head start” may even make some kind of philosophical awareness necessary, as several AI scientists have claimed in recent years. Similarly, philosophy is encouraged to follow AI’s lead and switch its methodology to a more precise style of inquiry that would allow for some experimental testing of its intuitions.There are many examples of such appeals for a more intensive collaboration between the disciplines and Agre’s own strategy, in fact, falls within this category. Other appeals for a stricter collaboration between philosophy and AI have come, for example, from Yoav Shoam, John McCarthy, and Pat Hayes (all from the AI field) and from Daniel Dennett and Aaron Sloman, among others, from the philosophical camp. AI workers sometimes go as far as proposing to look at philosophy as “the reser- voir of problems that AI should be working on,” in Shoam’s words, whereas philosophers, in general, stress that the “precision” provided by AI is exactly what philosophy needs in order to make real advances on classical philosophical areas like epistemology, the philos- 157
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ENDGAMES Game and Play at the End o
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I. Prelude 1. Mr. Palomar 3 2. Mr.
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PRELUDE
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M R . PALOMAR will make clear, hope
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M R . PALOMAR’ S CHECKMATES I wil
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M R . PALOMAR’ S CHECKMATES Conce
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M R . PALOMAR’ S CHECKMATES “sh
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M R . PALOMAR’ S CHECKMATES after
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI we have s
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI in a manu
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI securing
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI and combi
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tion: T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI 1.
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI interpret
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T HE WORLD OF CANDRAKIRTI biguity,
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T HE IRREPARABLE LIGHT OF DAWN the
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T HE IRREPARABLE LIGHT OF DAWN In M
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CHAPTER I THE END OF PHILOSOPHY in
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2. Philosophy P HILOSOPHY Discourse
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P HILOSOPHY cably intertwined that
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P HILOSOPHY As this passage shows,
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX inner contradic
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX for better or f
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX a series of eve
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX Let us go back
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX then I am clear
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H EGEL’ S PARADOX opened up for u
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P HILOSOPHY’ S ENDS Therefore, ou
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P HILOSOPHY’ S ENDS Western tradi
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P HILOSOPHY’ S ENDS goes, has chi
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P HILOSOPHY’ S ENDS his argument.
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P HILOSOPHY’ S ENDS sented as sep
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P HILOSOPHY’ S ENDS The first opt
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P HILOSOPHY’ S ENDS to philosophy
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P HILOSOPHY’ S ENDS This multipli
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O F LINES, CIRCLES, AND SPHERES. co
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O F LINES, CIRCLES, AND SPHERES. 12
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O F LINES, CIRCLES, AND SPHERES. on
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“EIN SPIELEN DER LIEBE MIT SICH S
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CHAPTER II ABSOLUTE(S) SPIELEN in w
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“ TO DIE GAME” Spiel is actuall
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“ TO DIE GAME” context of a “
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“ TO DIE GAME” tion that is the
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A BSOLUTE( S ) SPIELEN tragic: this
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A BSOLUTE( S ) SPIELEN the player m
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A BSOLUTE( S ) SPIELEN Hegel is the
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A BSOLUTE( S ) SPIELEN tation, woul
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A BSOLUTE( S ) SPIELEN the roots of
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B ORDERING PHILOSOPHY holds itself
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B ORDERING PHILOSOPHY informal expl
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B ORDERING PHILOSOPHY ditions that
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B ORDERING PHILOSOPHY inside the bu
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B ORDERING PHILOSOPHY The existence
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS possible
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS tive Beha
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS in 1958 a
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C OMBINATORIAL EXPLOSIONS tics pose
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CHAPTER V STRUCTURES (AND SPACES) i
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G AMES AND STRUCTURES same function
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G AMES AND STRUCTURES ically limiti
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conscious phenomena. F ROM LANGUAGE
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH ulating an e
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH ers, see as
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH sents itself
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Cadmos seeks his sister Europa, rav
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH of oppositio
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH blood relati
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH spected, and
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F ROM LANGUAGE TO MYTH It means tha
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S EARCH- SPACES AND STRUCTURES peat
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S EARCH- SPACES AND STRUCTURES or n
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S EARCH- SPACES AND STRUCTURES betw
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CHAPTER VI ANACLASTIC SUPPLEMENTS i
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T HE SUPPLEMENT We now have an answ
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T HE SUPPLEMENT Furthermore, let su
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T HE SUPPLEMENT bers of ~C and AB.
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T HE SUPPLEMENT the three sets A, B
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T HE SUPPLEMENT Notice, again, that
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F ORM AND CONTENT very word “stru
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F ORM AND CONTENT that the former p
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F ORM AND CONTENT completely differ
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F ORM AND CONTENT pressing games, e
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S TRUCTURE AND SUBSTANCE This does
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S TRUCTURE AND SUBSTANCE classical
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S TRUCTURE AND SUBSTANCE contexts]
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S TRUCTURE AND SUBSTANCE Strauss’
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S TRUCTURALISM, PHILOSOPHY, AND AI
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T HE CHALLENGE OF CLOSURE methodolo
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T HE CHALLENGE OF CLOSURE on any co
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T HE CHALLENGE OF CLOSURE ing to L
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T HE CHALLENGE OF CLOSURE other wor
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T HE ANACLASTIC ILLUSION OF A TRANS
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CHAPTER VIII A MOVABLE CONCLUSION w
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A FTER GAME- BASED SPIELEN Play, th
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REFERENCES Adorno, Theodor, Hegel:
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Johns Hopkins UP, 1974). Derrida, J
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Hewson, John, “Saussure's Game of
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Mirowski, Philip, “When Games Gro
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Searle, John, The Rediscovery of th
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2. Philosophy - Stefano Franchi

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