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the District Committee in 2009 evicted more than 2000 livestock keepers and morethan 20 000 livestock were taken by force and sold at the market in Dar es Salaam(Local resource person 2010). Most of the money vanished through the politicalsystem was very little were left to the affected livestock keepers, hence appearing as amodern form of slave trade.If we look back at the history there are many different underlying causes of theseconflicts. It can be traced all the way back to the colonial era of the 1890s, when theGermans introduced sisal plantations in the area, thereby initiating wage economy tothe district. The British rule continued this practice and by the 1930s, conflictsbetween African communities and European settlers were evident. The plantationsalso attracted a number of immigrant workers from all over the country which settleddown in and around the plantations. Today, many of the villagers around the formerplantations are of these workers descendants (Benjaminsen, Maganga et al. 2009).In 1964, Mikumi National Park was established, expanding in 1975, and in addition tothe Forest Reserves (7,4%), conservation areas today cover almost one third of thedistrict. On top of this, many were evicted from the wetlands in the north after largescaleagricultural development schemes were established during the 1960s, 1970s and1980s, and as a result many pastoralists in-migrated into the district and towards thesouth (Benjaminsen, Maganga et al. 2009). During the same period of time, manyMaasai pastoralists were also evicted. Concerning in-migration trends, it is importantto note that during this period, many Massai pastoralists were evicted from theirtraditional grazing grounds that now had been made into National Parks, therebyforcing them to look elsewhere (Local resource person 2010). All in all Kilosaseemed attractive to many with its attractive agricultural land for both cultivation andlivestock keeping coupled with abundance of rivers and water streams, thussupporting an influx of in-migrating peasants and pastoralists from all over Tanzania 25(Baha, Attito et al. 2008). This is thereby the realities which the project have to takeinto account.25 Mainly from districts such as Arusha, Singida, Mwanza, Dodoma, Shinyanga and Tanga82
To sum up, Kilosa District can be characterised as an area popular both for cultivationand for livestock keeping. In large parts though, due to unclear land tenure after thecollapse of private and state owned plantations. The influx of immigrants the areahave also increased the competition over agricultural land and grazing area.83
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(NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
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DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
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AbstractThis study focuses on the g
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Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
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7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
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List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
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List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
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CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
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As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
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Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
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livestock populations increase in T
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een trying to deal with the issue,
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under the CDM were afforestation an
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REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
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with the other FCPF countries (Unit
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Due to both limitations of time and
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4 How do they interact with local g
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the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
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influence the characteristics of th
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There are many examples of rules th
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for collective decision-making; bal
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2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Description of the Sustainable
Page 53 and 54: different income sources at a point
Page 55 and 56: Although income and livelihood are
Page 57 and 58: (4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
Page 61 and 62: country needs a robust forest monit
Page 63 and 64: may be equally important in determi
Page 65 and 66: transparency and the extra difficul
Page 67 and 68: access to motorized forest tools, s
Page 69 and 70: have the de jure right to restrict
Page 71 and 72: dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
Page 73 and 74: She argues that participation has b
Page 75 and 76: 2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
Page 77 and 78: location, such as a community or or
Page 79 and 80: External validity, on the other han
Page 81 and 82: 3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
Page 83 and 84: Through survey research we needed t
Page 85 and 86: variables (Ys) and the explanatory
Page 87 and 88: All these components we felt clearl
Page 89 and 90: (Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
Page 91 and 92: Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
Page 93 and 94: densely populated one with its 2622
Page 95 and 96: Figure 6: Agricultural production z
Page 97 and 98: establishment of more sisal estates
Page 99 and 100: are located, the total loss of fore
Page 101: communities such as the Maasai, Bar
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Priority of environmental manag
Page 107 and 108: established with the enactment of E
Page 109 and 110: esources and the environment, and t
Page 111 and 112: national forest reserves, i.e. both
Page 113 and 114: degradation (REDD)” is found, as
Page 115 and 116: The Forest Act thus sets the framew
Page 117 and 118: 5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
Page 119 and 120: the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
Page 121 and 122: 5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
Page 123 and 124: Office and Regional Administration
Page 125 and 126: make sure the general population fo
Page 127 and 128: forest management activities by pla
Page 129 and 130: to the office within this period, w
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
Page 133 and 134: Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
Page 135 and 136: Drivers 32 . Each working group is
Page 137 and 138: Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
Page 139 and 140: esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
Page 141 and 142: cooperation with various academic i
Page 143 and 144: FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
Page 145 and 146: institutions (with the election of
Page 147 and 148: $500 million and lost governmental
Page 149 and 150: National FrameworkConsultationsNati
Page 151 and 152: Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
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together including government depar
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Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
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Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
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money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
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REDD+ and provides them with perfor
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In the second phase, the consultati
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Figure 14: Proposed public structur
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countries can participate according
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the state administration, and budge
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Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
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6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
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view to be a precondition for a gra
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6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
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coordination system among key stake
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6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
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that WMAs are completely overlooked
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6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
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should have to adhere to the same s
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though, as some feel there has been
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CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
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meaning that where households lived
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1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
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From Table 15 we can see that it is
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7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
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The majority of people carried thei
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By looking at the three different v
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When compared to location, we see t
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The types of crops produced seemed
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primarily for consumption and only
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Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
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7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
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Table 35: Annual income sources by
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and Masugu were quite close to one
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political and social conditions wit
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Total household incomewere engaged
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not being able to tend to own incom
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livelihood strategies into two over
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In terms of income groups, less poo
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shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
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turning to other income sources as
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legal system within the district st
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egulations in place to deal with th
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In this chapter we have gone throug
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outline the project as a whole with
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Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
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organizations and research agencies
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Key design issues for the issues fo
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al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
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On this note, another main reason f
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As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
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Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
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have made for the forest 48 . Final
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When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
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From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
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example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
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suffering the most from such a proj
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However, some issues still prevail
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wonder how these experts would valu
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As the basis of which carbon paymen
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ecome explicit and can increase con
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It is also highly obvious that deal
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However, it is a concern as in some
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and sell forest products such as ch
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if Masugu seems to face most challe
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On the basis of the information we
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In terms of Efficiency there are al
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In addition we found that further n
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the case for the poorest people in
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9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
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ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
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Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
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Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
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Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
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Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
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Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
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United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
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World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
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iii
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LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
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A21. Does any member of your househ
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HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
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B12. How would you rate your access
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(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
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II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
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IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
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C24. Do you have any influence on t
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C34. Do you face any difficulties i
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1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
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SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
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___________________________________
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1 The compensation will make me equ
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