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concerns are; corruption, poor inter-agency collaboration, weak law enforcement, lowaccountability, elite capture, marginalization in terms of access to resources, lack oftransparency and low participation (Ibid). To improve environmental governance, achange of Tanzania‟s current institutional arrangement was deemed necessary, withthis new structure then representing REDD as the new resource regime. Thus, on thebasis of having gone through “Governance as process” we now turn to “Governanceas structure”, i.e. the institutions which governs the policy process (Vatn 2011).6.2.1 Institutional structure/Institutions governing the policy processFindings from the Legal and Institutional Arrangements and the Role of REDD+ forRural Development in-depth studies demonstrate that the present policies on forestshave had a large impact on the rate of success of various participatory interventions.Among others, poor inter-agency collaboration has been a core obstacle to the currentpolicies, and has the potential of compromising each stakeholders´ underlyinginterests of a well-managed forest. Due to this, the first National REDD StrategyDraft tries to encompass a multi-sectoral collaboration approach (horizontally acrosssectors and vertically between different levels of institutions) towards the finalisationof a REDD strategy at the end of 2012 (Ibid).One must not forget that Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and forestDegradation (REDD) is only one of several mitigation options to address the impactsof climate change. To avoid duplication and overlaps, The Tanzanian Government hasthus put in place the National Climate Change Steering Committee (NCCSC) andNational Climate Change Technical Committee (NCCTC) to oversee and guideimplementation of all climate change activities. These institutions will also handleREDD+ activities (Ibid). Even though a final REDD Strategy will ultimately laydown the institutional structures for REDD, the proposed structure is already gainingwide acceptance among REDD stakeholders within Tanzania. It is built around FBDof the MNRT where the National REDD Task Force and its secretariat will overseethe REDD readiness implementation process, serving as an interim arrangement untilmore permanent structures such as the NCCTC is in place.144
Figure 14: Proposed public structure for REDD in TanzaniaSource: (United Republic of Tanzania 2009)6.2.1.2 National Climate Change Steering CommitteeIn accordance with the Environmental Management Act, 2004, all environmentalmanagement issues including climate change are coordinated by the Vice President‟sOffice. In February 2007, the president approved the functions of the Division ofEnvironment under the Vice President‟s office, with a mandate to coordinate allclimate change issues. Since then, the National Climate Change Steering Committee(NCCSC) has been put in place to oversee the implementation of climate change145
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(NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
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DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
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AbstractThis study focuses on the g
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Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
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7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
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List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
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List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
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CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
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As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
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Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
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livestock populations increase in T
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een trying to deal with the issue,
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under the CDM were afforestation an
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REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
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with the other FCPF countries (Unit
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Due to both limitations of time and
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4 How do they interact with local g
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the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
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influence the characteristics of th
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There are many examples of rules th
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for collective decision-making; bal
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2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
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2.2. Description of the Sustainable
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different income sources at a point
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Although income and livelihood are
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(4) Size of household: The size of
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a set of definitions to explain the
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country needs a robust forest monit
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may be equally important in determi
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transparency and the extra difficul
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access to motorized forest tools, s
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have the de jure right to restrict
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dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
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She argues that participation has b
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2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
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location, such as a community or or
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External validity, on the other han
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3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
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Through survey research we needed t
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variables (Ys) and the explanatory
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All these components we felt clearl
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(Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
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Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
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densely populated one with its 2622
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Figure 6: Agricultural production z
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establishment of more sisal estates
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are located, the total loss of fore
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communities such as the Maasai, Bar
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To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
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5.1 Priority of environmental manag
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established with the enactment of E
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esources and the environment, and t
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national forest reserves, i.e. both
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Page 115 and 116: The Forest Act thus sets the framew
Page 117 and 118: 5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
Page 119 and 120: the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
Page 121 and 122: 5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
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Page 129 and 130: to the office within this period, w
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
Page 133 and 134: Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
Page 135 and 136: Drivers 32 . Each working group is
Page 137 and 138: Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
Page 139 and 140: esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
Page 141 and 142: cooperation with various academic i
Page 143 and 144: FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
Page 145 and 146: institutions (with the election of
Page 147 and 148: $500 million and lost governmental
Page 149 and 150: National FrameworkConsultationsNati
Page 151 and 152: Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
Page 153 and 154: together including government depar
Page 155 and 156: Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
Page 157 and 158: Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
Page 159 and 160: money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
Page 161 and 162: REDD+ and provides them with perfor
Page 163: In the second phase, the consultati
Page 167 and 168: countries can participate according
Page 169 and 170: the state administration, and budge
Page 171 and 172: Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
Page 173 and 174: 6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
Page 175 and 176: view to be a precondition for a gra
Page 177 and 178: 6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
Page 179 and 180: coordination system among key stake
Page 181 and 182: 6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
Page 183 and 184: that WMAs are completely overlooked
Page 185 and 186: 6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
Page 187 and 188: should have to adhere to the same s
Page 189 and 190: though, as some feel there has been
Page 191 and 192: CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
Page 193 and 194: meaning that where households lived
Page 195 and 196: 1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
Page 197 and 198: From Table 15 we can see that it is
Page 199 and 200: 7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
Page 201 and 202: The majority of people carried thei
Page 203 and 204: By looking at the three different v
Page 205 and 206: When compared to location, we see t
Page 207 and 208: The types of crops produced seemed
Page 209 and 210: primarily for consumption and only
Page 211 and 212: Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
Page 213 and 214: 7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
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Table 35: Annual income sources by
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and Masugu were quite close to one
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political and social conditions wit
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Total household incomewere engaged
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not being able to tend to own incom
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livelihood strategies into two over
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In terms of income groups, less poo
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shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
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turning to other income sources as
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legal system within the district st
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egulations in place to deal with th
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In this chapter we have gone throug
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outline the project as a whole with
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Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
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organizations and research agencies
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Key design issues for the issues fo
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al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
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On this note, another main reason f
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As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
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Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
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have made for the forest 48 . Final
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When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
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From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
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example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
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suffering the most from such a proj
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However, some issues still prevail
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wonder how these experts would valu
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As the basis of which carbon paymen
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ecome explicit and can increase con
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It is also highly obvious that deal
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However, it is a concern as in some
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and sell forest products such as ch
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if Masugu seems to face most challe
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On the basis of the information we
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In terms of Efficiency there are al
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In addition we found that further n
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the case for the poorest people in
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9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
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ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
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Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
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Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
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Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
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Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
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Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
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United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
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World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
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iii
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LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
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A21. Does any member of your househ
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HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
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B12. How would you rate your access
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(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
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II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
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IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
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C24. Do you have any influence on t
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C34. Do you face any difficulties i
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1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
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SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
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___________________________________
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1 The compensation will make me equ
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