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Table 34: Total household income and socio-economic characteristics, Kilosa District,Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 194Table 35: Annual income sources by wealth groups, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010............................................................................................................................................................ 195Table 36: Annual income sources by location, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 195Table 37: Average output in kg per ha of selected crops per village, Kilosa District,Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 197Table 38: Environmental income and socio-economic characteristics, Kilosa Distric,Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 198Table 39: Forest environmental incomes by location (USD), Kilosa District, Tanzania,2010 .................................................................................................................................................. 199Table 40: Forest environmental incomes by income groups (USD), Kilosa District,Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 200Table 41: How well-off households perceive themselves now and five years ago,Kilosa District, 2010 .................................................................................................................... 204Table 42: Income shortfalls by location, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ................... 206Table 43: Income shortfalls by income groups, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ...... 207Table 44: Responses to shocks, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ................................... 209Table 45: Socio-economic factors to the most vulnerable by location. Kilosa District,Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 210Table 46: Summary of project partner and collaborator roles ......................................... 223Table 47: TFCG site selection process in Kilosa ................................................................ 228Table 48: Awareness of project by those who cannot be motivated by any payment toreduce their forest use, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 .................................................... 230Table 49: Reasons for why cannot be motivated to stop clearing forest/stop harvestingwood resources for the forest, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ...................................... 230Table 50: Motivations to stop clearing forest/stop harvesting wood resources, KilosaDistrict, Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................. 232Table 51: Commitments to avoid deforestation in the community if compensated forthat activity, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ....................................................................... 233Table 52: Commitments to avoid deforestation in the community if compensated forthat activity by location, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ................................................. 234Table 53: Establishment and responsibilities for the VNRC‟s ........................................ 236Table 54: The authority viewed as best suited at managing REDD+, Kilosa District,Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 237Table 55: Land use planning exercise under the project ................................................... 239Table 56: Modified Success Principles for long enduring CPRs, Kilosa District,Tanzania 2010 ................................................................................................................................ 246Table 57: Mean environmental income by villages ............................................................ 248Table 58: Experiences from PFM in Tanzania from 1993 to 2009 ................................ 250Table 59: Issues associated with REDD+, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ................ 256Table 60: Main challenges of TFCG and MJUMITAs pilot project, on the basis of the3Es ..................................................................................................................................................... 278x
List of Abbreviations and AcronymsCBFMCDMCoPDEDDNRODoEEIAsEMAFBDFCPFFIPGHGsIIEDIPCC:IRAJFMJMALGAsMJUMITAMNRTMRVNAFORMANAPANCCSCNCCTCNEMCNFBKPNICFINLPNLUPCNTFPsPEERCommunity Based Forest ManagementClean Development MechanismUnited Nations Conference on Climate ChangeDistrict Executive DirectorDistrict Natural Resource OfficeDivision/Department of EnvironmentEnvironmental Impact AssessmentsEnvironmental Management ActForestry and Beekeeping DivisionForest Carbon Partnership FacilityForest Investment ProgramGreenhouse GasesInternational Institute for Environment and DevelopmentIntergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeInstitute of Resource AssessmentJoint Forest ManagementJoint Management AgreementLocal Government AuthoritiesTanzania Community Forest Conservation NetworkMinistry of Natural Resources and TourismMeasurement, Reporting and VerificationNational Forestry Resource Monitoring and AssessmentNational Adaptation Programme of ActionNational Climate Change Steering CommitteeNational Climate Change Technical CommitteeNational Environmental Management CouncilNational Forest and Beekeeping ProgrammeNorwegian International Climate and Forest InitiativeNational Land PolicyNational Land Use Planning CommissionNon Timber Forest ProductsPublic Environmental Expenditure Reviewxi
Page 2 and 3: (NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
Page 4: DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
Page 8: AbstractThis study focuses on the g
Page 12 and 13: Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
Page 14: 7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
Page 17: List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
Page 23 and 24: As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
Page 25 and 26: Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
Page 27 and 28: livestock populations increase in T
Page 29 and 30: een trying to deal with the issue,
Page 31 and 32: under the CDM were afforestation an
Page 33 and 34: REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
Page 35 and 36: with the other FCPF countries (Unit
Page 37 and 38: Due to both limitations of time and
Page 39 and 40: 4 How do they interact with local g
Page 41 and 42: the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
Page 43 and 44: influence the characteristics of th
Page 45 and 46: There are many examples of rules th
Page 47 and 48: for collective decision-making; bal
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Description of the Sustainable
Page 53 and 54: different income sources at a point
Page 55 and 56: Although income and livelihood are
Page 57 and 58: (4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
Page 61 and 62: country needs a robust forest monit
Page 63 and 64: may be equally important in determi
Page 65 and 66: transparency and the extra difficul
Page 67 and 68: access to motorized forest tools, s
Page 69 and 70:
have the de jure right to restrict
Page 71 and 72:
dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
Page 73 and 74:
She argues that participation has b
Page 75 and 76:
2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
Page 77 and 78:
location, such as a community or or
Page 79 and 80:
External validity, on the other han
Page 81 and 82:
3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
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Through survey research we needed t
Page 85 and 86:
variables (Ys) and the explanatory
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All these components we felt clearl
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(Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
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Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
Page 93 and 94:
densely populated one with its 2622
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Figure 6: Agricultural production z
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establishment of more sisal estates
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are located, the total loss of fore
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communities such as the Maasai, Bar
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To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
Page 105 and 106:
5.1 Priority of environmental manag
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established with the enactment of E
Page 109 and 110:
esources and the environment, and t
Page 111 and 112:
national forest reserves, i.e. both
Page 113 and 114:
degradation (REDD)” is found, as
Page 115 and 116:
The Forest Act thus sets the framew
Page 117 and 118:
5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
Page 119 and 120:
the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
Page 121 and 122:
5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
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Office and Regional Administration
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make sure the general population fo
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forest management activities by pla
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to the office within this period, w
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
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Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
Page 135 and 136:
Drivers 32 . Each working group is
Page 137 and 138:
Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
Page 139 and 140:
esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
Page 141 and 142:
cooperation with various academic i
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FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
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institutions (with the election of
Page 147 and 148:
$500 million and lost governmental
Page 149 and 150:
National FrameworkConsultationsNati
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Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
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together including government depar
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Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
Page 157 and 158:
Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
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money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
Page 161 and 162:
REDD+ and provides them with perfor
Page 163 and 164:
In the second phase, the consultati
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 14: Proposed public structur
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countries can participate according
Page 169 and 170:
the state administration, and budge
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Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
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6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
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view to be a precondition for a gra
Page 177 and 178:
6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
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coordination system among key stake
Page 181 and 182:
6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
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that WMAs are completely overlooked
Page 185 and 186:
6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
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should have to adhere to the same s
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though, as some feel there has been
Page 191 and 192:
CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
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meaning that where households lived
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1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
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From Table 15 we can see that it is
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7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
Page 201 and 202:
The majority of people carried thei
Page 203 and 204:
By looking at the three different v
Page 205 and 206:
When compared to location, we see t
Page 207 and 208:
The types of crops produced seemed
Page 209 and 210:
primarily for consumption and only
Page 211 and 212:
Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
Page 213 and 214:
7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
Page 215 and 216:
Table 35: Annual income sources by
Page 217 and 218:
and Masugu were quite close to one
Page 219 and 220:
political and social conditions wit
Page 221 and 222:
Total household incomewere engaged
Page 223 and 224:
not being able to tend to own incom
Page 225 and 226:
livelihood strategies into two over
Page 227 and 228:
In terms of income groups, less poo
Page 229 and 230:
shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
Page 231 and 232:
turning to other income sources as
Page 233 and 234:
legal system within the district st
Page 235 and 236:
egulations in place to deal with th
Page 237 and 238:
In this chapter we have gone throug
Page 239 and 240:
outline the project as a whole with
Page 241 and 242:
Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
Page 243 and 244:
organizations and research agencies
Page 245 and 246:
Key design issues for the issues fo
Page 247 and 248:
al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
Page 251 and 252:
On this note, another main reason f
Page 253 and 254:
As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
Page 257 and 258:
Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
Page 261 and 262:
have made for the forest 48 . Final
Page 263 and 264:
When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
Page 267 and 268:
From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
Page 273 and 274:
example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
Page 279 and 280:
suffering the most from such a proj
Page 281 and 282:
However, some issues still prevail
Page 283 and 284:
wonder how these experts would valu
Page 285 and 286:
As the basis of which carbon paymen
Page 287 and 288:
ecome explicit and can increase con
Page 289 and 290:
It is also highly obvious that deal
Page 291 and 292:
However, it is a concern as in some
Page 293 and 294:
and sell forest products such as ch
Page 295 and 296:
if Masugu seems to face most challe
Page 297 and 298:
On the basis of the information we
Page 299 and 300:
In terms of Efficiency there are al
Page 301 and 302:
In addition we found that further n
Page 303 and 304:
the case for the poorest people in
Page 305 and 306:
9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
Page 307 and 308:
ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
Page 309 and 310:
Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
Page 311 and 312:
Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
Page 313 and 314:
Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
Page 315 and 316:
Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
Page 317 and 318:
Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
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United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
Page 321 and 322:
World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
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iii
Page 328 and 329:
LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
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A21. Does any member of your househ
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HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
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B12. How would you rate your access
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(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
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II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
Page 340 and 341:
IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
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C24. Do you have any influence on t
Page 344 and 345:
C34. Do you face any difficulties i
Page 346 and 347:
1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
Page 348 and 349:
SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
Page 350 and 351:
___________________________________
Page 352 and 353:
1 The compensation will make me equ
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