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under the CDM were afforestation and reforestation initiatives. Avoided deforestationas an emission reduction strategy on the other hand, were excluded (United Republicof Tanzania 2010). As a result, negotiations started at CoP 11 of the UNFCCC inMontreal in 2005 after a formal proposal by a coalition of rainforest nations to includeavoided deforestation in a post 2012 regime (Holloway and Giandomencio 2009).Following the recognition that forest clearing and degradation cause almost one fifthof global Grean House Gases (GHG) (Milledge 2009), it was originally conserved asa simple instrument of tracking rate of loss of forest area and rewarding reductions inrate of loss and came to be known as Reduced Emissions from Deforestation (RED).Another D was however soon thereafter added when it became apparent thatdegradation would have to be included (Skutsch 2011).In many ways then, REDD can be described as an attempt to address global commonsand, or market failure by paying forest owners for keeping their forest, thereby addingvalue to the forest and the carbon sequestration and storage it represent (Angelsen andHofstad 2008). At CoP 13 in Bali in 2008, REDD was proposed to be a part in theofficial negotiation agenda for a post 2012 regime, and became something that wouldbe negotiated under the so called Bali road map (United Republic of Tanzania 2010).During these negotiations both developed countries and developing countriesdiscussed how they could take appropriate mitigation actions to reduce thegreenhouse gas emissions. They agreed that the developed countries should help thedeveloping countries in form of technological transfers, capital building andfinancing. They also agreed that the measures would have to be measurable,reportable, and verifiable (MRV) (United Republic of Tanzania 2010).At CoP 14 in Poznan in late 2008 it was argued that REDD as first conceived couldhave a perverse incentive structure in the long term as it would reward the “sinners”rather than the “angels” (Skutsch 2011). As a result, another + was added to theacronym, where three additional terms were included – sustainable management offorest, forest enhancement and forest conservation, thereby turning it into what somesee as a potential win-win-win situation with reduction of carbon emissions, enhancedpoverty alleviation and biodiversity conservation within one policy (Skutsch 2011;Vatn and Vedeld 2011). At CoP 15 in Copenhagen in 2009, REDD+ was fullyadopted and included in the Copenhagen accord saying that “We recognize the11