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Table 2: Forest loss divided by forest type, 1990-2000, TanzaniaForest type Historical Area Area 1990 Area 2000 Percentageloss (% )Miombo Woodlands1 40% of land area Only partial data Only partial data -13%(rough estimate)Acacia Savanna No data No data No dataEastern Arc Mountains2 17,992 km2 3,550.90 km2 3,531.8 0 km2 -1 %Kenya/Tanzania No data No data No dataMountainsEastern African Coastal 136379 km2 7,042 km2 6,841.5 km2 - 7 %Forests3Guinea-Congolian Below 5000 km2 No data 6,700 km2forestsMangrove forests4 No data 1,095.93 km2 1,081.38 km2 -2 %1 – Data from a partial sample of miombo in Eastern Tanzania (FBD 2005) Forest Area assessment for theEastern Arc Mountains.. Forestry and BeekeepingDivision, Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism, Dar es Salaam. www.easternarc.or.tz2 – FBD 2005 (ibid)3 – Tabor, Mbilinyi and Kashigali ( in prep). Forest area assessment for the coastal forests (this assumesthat all this ecoregion was originally forested)4 – Wang et al 2003. Remote Sensing of Mangrove ChangeAlong the Tanzania Coast. Marine Geodesy, 26:35 –48, 2003Source: (United Republic of Tanzania 2009, p.7)When it comes to deforestation and forest degradation in Tanzania as a whole, theavailable data is also varied. Experiences and estimates from various sources hasplaced the annual national deforestation rate between 130,000 and 500,000 ha, forinstance figures from FAO in 2008 indicated an annual deforestation rate of about412,000 ha. According to the R-PIN this may be close to the actual figure, but theyhighlight the need for a more detailed and overall forest inventory of Tanzania toconfirm that. In addition, in terms of tenure system, most of the deforestation happenson general land, i.e. open access, and some in village lands. This is also the case forforest degradation, which is documented to have a rate of 500,000 ha annually. Giventhat there is no legal protection within this tenure system, which makes up about 49%of total forest land, it is open for human activity, and has meant a steady decline forforest and woodland areas in Tanzania (United Republic of Tanzania 2009).When it comes to deforestation and forest degradation trends in comparison withother countries, according to the World Banks country brief on Tanzania from 2009,Tanzania has experienced a deforestation rate of 1.1 percent annually from 1990-2005, which puts it at a rate twice that of the other low-income countries which havean average of 0.6 percent (World Bank 2009). This is not to say that Tanzania has not8
een trying to deal with the issue, however, many years of efforts to halt these trendshave not been as successful as hoped, something which have affected the livelihoodsof many Tanzanians who depend on the forests and woodlands for their livelihood.As with much of sub-Saharan Africa, conservation and preservation of naturalresources have been carried out in Tanzania ever since pre-colonial times, albeit indifferent ways as time passed. Before the colonization period it was done on the basisof setting aside and protecting areas for times of need or emergencies, but during thecolonial era the notion of conserving nature to guarantee access to it in the future wasreplaced by the idea of exclusion and division between nature and humanity and anapproach commonly known as “fortress preservation”. By this, huge forest areas weregazetted as Forest Reserves under state authority, which constrained access or use ofproducts within the reserves, by local people. This was also a way to reducedeforestation and it continued also after national independence. Poaching and illegalexploitation still continued, and in the 1980s a new policy approach emerged (Kistler2009).As public confidence in the government‟s ability to own and manage the ForestReserves diminished, the local communities demanded to become more involved inthe management of their resources. Also within the theoretical debate on forestmanagement a participatory approach gained ground. In early 1990s a number ofparticipatory forest management pilot projects, which transferred the ownership andmanagement responsibility from central to village government, were launched inTanzania. Parallel with these pilot projects a review of the country‟s forest policy wasmade, as was reforms within Tanzania‟s economic and political sphere, all of whichset the stage for a favourable legal environment for PFM (Blomley, Pliegner et al.2005). Of particular importance was the National Forest Policy of 1998 and the ForestAct of 2002, both of which makes PFM a main national focus (Massawe 2008). Inmany ways Tanzania is now seen to be in the forefront of PFM in Africa, and in areport published by the Forestry and Beekeeping Division (FBD) it states that asmuch as 2,300 villages covering over 4 million hectares of forest land is either beingestablished or operating under PFM in 2008 (Blomley and Iddi 2009).9
Page 2 and 3: (NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
Page 4: DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
Page 8: AbstractThis study focuses on the g
Page 12 and 13: Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
Page 14: 7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
Page 17 and 18: List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
Page 19 and 20: List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
Page 23 and 24: As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
Page 25 and 26: Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
Page 27: livestock populations increase in T
Page 31 and 32: under the CDM were afforestation an
Page 33 and 34: REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
Page 35 and 36: with the other FCPF countries (Unit
Page 37 and 38: Due to both limitations of time and
Page 39 and 40: 4 How do they interact with local g
Page 41 and 42: the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
Page 43 and 44: influence the characteristics of th
Page 45 and 46: There are many examples of rules th
Page 47 and 48: for collective decision-making; bal
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Description of the Sustainable
Page 53 and 54: different income sources at a point
Page 55 and 56: Although income and livelihood are
Page 57 and 58: (4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
Page 61 and 62: country needs a robust forest monit
Page 63 and 64: may be equally important in determi
Page 65 and 66: transparency and the extra difficul
Page 67 and 68: access to motorized forest tools, s
Page 69 and 70: have the de jure right to restrict
Page 71 and 72: dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
Page 73 and 74: She argues that participation has b
Page 75 and 76: 2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
Page 77 and 78: location, such as a community or or
Page 79 and 80:
External validity, on the other han
Page 81 and 82:
3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
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Through survey research we needed t
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variables (Ys) and the explanatory
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All these components we felt clearl
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(Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
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Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
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densely populated one with its 2622
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Figure 6: Agricultural production z
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establishment of more sisal estates
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are located, the total loss of fore
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communities such as the Maasai, Bar
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To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
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5.1 Priority of environmental manag
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established with the enactment of E
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esources and the environment, and t
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national forest reserves, i.e. both
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degradation (REDD)” is found, as
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The Forest Act thus sets the framew
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5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
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the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
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5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
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Office and Regional Administration
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make sure the general population fo
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forest management activities by pla
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to the office within this period, w
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CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
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Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
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Drivers 32 . Each working group is
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Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
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esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
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cooperation with various academic i
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FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
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institutions (with the election of
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$500 million and lost governmental
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National FrameworkConsultationsNati
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Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
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together including government depar
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Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
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Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
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money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
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REDD+ and provides them with perfor
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In the second phase, the consultati
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Figure 14: Proposed public structur
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countries can participate according
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the state administration, and budge
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Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
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6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
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view to be a precondition for a gra
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6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
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coordination system among key stake
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6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
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that WMAs are completely overlooked
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6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
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should have to adhere to the same s
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though, as some feel there has been
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CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
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meaning that where households lived
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1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
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From Table 15 we can see that it is
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7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
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The majority of people carried thei
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By looking at the three different v
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When compared to location, we see t
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The types of crops produced seemed
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primarily for consumption and only
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Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
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7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
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Table 35: Annual income sources by
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and Masugu were quite close to one
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political and social conditions wit
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Total household incomewere engaged
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not being able to tend to own incom
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livelihood strategies into two over
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In terms of income groups, less poo
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shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
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turning to other income sources as
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legal system within the district st
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egulations in place to deal with th
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In this chapter we have gone throug
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outline the project as a whole with
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Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
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organizations and research agencies
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Key design issues for the issues fo
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al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
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On this note, another main reason f
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As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
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Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
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have made for the forest 48 . Final
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When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
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From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
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example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
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suffering the most from such a proj
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However, some issues still prevail
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wonder how these experts would valu
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As the basis of which carbon paymen
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ecome explicit and can increase con
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It is also highly obvious that deal
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However, it is a concern as in some
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and sell forest products such as ch
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if Masugu seems to face most challe
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On the basis of the information we
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In terms of Efficiency there are al
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In addition we found that further n
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the case for the poorest people in
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9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
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ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
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Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
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Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
Page 313 and 314:
Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
Page 315 and 316:
Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
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Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
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United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
Page 321 and 322:
World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
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iii
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LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
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A21. Does any member of your househ
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HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
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B12. How would you rate your access
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(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
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II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
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IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
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C24. Do you have any influence on t
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C34. Do you face any difficulties i
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1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
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SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
Page 350 and 351:
___________________________________
Page 352 and 353:
1 The compensation will make me equ
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