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Table 4: Modified design principles for long –enduring common-pool resourcesSuccess PrinciplesClearly defined physical boundariesClearly defined membership and rightsCongruence between appropriation andprovision rules and local conditionsCollective choice arrangementsEffective monitoring proceduresLegitimate system for graduated sanctionsCheap/accessible conflict-resolutionmechanismsRecognition of rights to organiseSource: (Vedeld 2002, p.19.) Based on Ostrom, 1990)DescriptionClear relative to neighbours orcompeting usesMultilayered rights system and mayinclude the right to physical access thearea, the right to withdraw resources, tomanage or decide on use, to excludeothers and to alienate others throughsales or leasingShould be a reasonable balance betweenwhat individuals contribute and whatthey take outMost of affected people can participatein decision makingThose who monitor and audit CPRconditions are accountableThere are rules against violation.Sanction depends on the offence. Itshould be assessed and imposed byfellow users or accountable officialsConflict resolution should be swift,inexpensive and fairNo challenge by external governmentauthorities; if they come in and overrulelocal decisions, local authority isunderminedIn effect, the less these various factors are in place, the less the chances are that thesystem in place is sustainable and will endure over a long period of time.As one of the design principles “collective choice arrangements” states, participationplays a part in creating a sustainable resource regime. The debate within REDD alsofocuses on the importance of participation when establishing the programme and it isseen as particularly relevant when establishing the pilot projects. Therefore we outlinesome points of discussion concerning participation, as described by Cleaver in heranalysis of participatory development (1999).52