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List of FiguresFigure 1: Map over Tanzania ......................................................................................................... 4Figure 2: A resource regime framework .................................................................................. 21Figure 3: Governance structure .................................................................................................. 28Figure 4: The Livelihood Framework ....................................................................................... 34Figure 5: Map over Kilosa District ............................................................................................ 71Figure 6: Agricultural production zones in Kilosa ................................................................ 75Figure 7: Institutional Arrangements for Forest Management Tanzania........................ 88Figure 8: Local Government Structures in Tanzania ........................................................... 97Figure 9: Local Government Authorities, Tanzania ........................................................... 102Figure 10: Governance structure .............................................................................................. 111Figure 11: Tanzanias REDD Strategy development process ........................................... 113Figure 12: Consultation phases and activities, REDD+, Tanzania ................................ 129Figure 13: Map over REDD+ Pilot Projects, Tanzania ..................................................... 138Figure 14: Proposed public structure for REDD in Tanzania .......................................... 145Figure 15: Modified governance structure ............................................................................ 169Figure 16: Level of worker/consumer ratio in Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ......... 174Figure 17: Level of education, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ..................................... 175Figure 18: Relationship between total income and environmental income, KilosaDistrict, Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................. 201Figure 19: Problems limiting agricultural production, Kilosa District, Tanania, 2010............................................................................................................................................................ 206Figure 20: Risk management and coping strategies ........................................................... 207Figure 21: Organisational structure of TFCG with REDD staff ..................................... 220Figure 22: Local people and awareness of REDD in Kilosa, Tanzania, 2010 ............ 229Figure 23: Type of Compensation Preferred from REDD+ ............................................. 242Figure 24: Forest Resource Regime and access to it .......................................................... 246Figure 25: REDD as a Resource Regime in Kilosa District ............................................. 277viii
List of TablesTable 1: Land use distribution of Tanzania ................................................................................ 4Table 2: Forest loss divided by forest type, 1990-2000, Tanzania ...................................... 8Table 3: The progress for theoretical approaches in accordance with objectives ........ 38Table 4: Modified design principles for long –enduring common-pool resources ...... 52Table 5: Budget summary for ministries and departments 2004/2005 ........................... 90Table 6: CBFM and JFM Guidelines ........................................................................................ 95Table 7: Kilosa District Departments and Staffing, Tanzania ......................................... 108Table 8: Stakeholders involved in the process of establishing REDD+ in Tanzania 117Table 9: Various stakeholders‟ interests in REDD+ .......................................................... 124Table 10: Zonal consultation process, REDD+, Tanzania ................................................ 131Table 11: Studies commissioned under the REDD Framework, Tanzania 2010 ....... 134Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projects ...................................................................................... 137Table 13: Socio-economic factors by total household income level, Kilosa District,Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 172Table 14: Socio-economic factors by location. Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ....... 172Table 15: Land cleared for Agriculture by location, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010............................................................................................................................................................ 176Table 16: Land cleared for Agriculture by income groups, Kilosa District, Tanzania,2010 .................................................................................................................................................. 177Table 17: Forest cleared on average per year by location. Kilosa District, Tanzania,2010 .................................................................................................................................................. 177Table 18: Forest cleared on average per year by income groups. Kilosa District,Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................................. 178Table 19: Household agricultural implements and draft animals by income groups,Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ................................................................................................ 179Table 20: Household agricultural implements and draft animals by location, KilosaDistrict, Tanzania, 2010 .............................................................................................................. 179Table 21: Household‟s physical assets by income groups, Kilosa District, Tanzania,2010 .................................................................................................................................................. 181Table 22: Household‟s physical assets by location, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010............................................................................................................................................................ 181Table 23: Ethnicities, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ...................................................... 182Table 24: Ethnic groups by income groups, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ............. 182Table 25: Ethnic groups by location, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ......................... 183Table 26: Level of trust between households, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ......... 184Table 27: Household income by income groups, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ... 184Table 28: Household income by location, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ................ 185Table 29: Cash and subsistence crops per village, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2011 . 186Table 30: Environmental outtake/dependence (%), Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010............................................................................................................................................................ 188Table 31: Percentage of households using NTFPs and its perceived importance,Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ................................................................................................ 191Table 32: Representation of non-farm activities (%), Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010............................................................................................................................................................ 192Table 33: Off-farm employment, Kilosa District, Tanzania, 2010 ................................ 193ix
Page 2 and 3: (NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
Page 4: DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
Page 8: AbstractThis study focuses on the g
Page 12 and 13: Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
Page 14: 7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
Page 19 and 20: List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
Page 23 and 24: As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
Page 25 and 26: Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
Page 27 and 28: livestock populations increase in T
Page 29 and 30: een trying to deal with the issue,
Page 31 and 32: under the CDM were afforestation an
Page 33 and 34: REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
Page 35 and 36: with the other FCPF countries (Unit
Page 37 and 38: Due to both limitations of time and
Page 39 and 40: 4 How do they interact with local g
Page 41 and 42: the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
Page 43 and 44: influence the characteristics of th
Page 45 and 46: There are many examples of rules th
Page 47 and 48: for collective decision-making; bal
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Description of the Sustainable
Page 53 and 54: different income sources at a point
Page 55 and 56: Although income and livelihood are
Page 57 and 58: (4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
Page 61 and 62: country needs a robust forest monit
Page 63 and 64: may be equally important in determi
Page 65 and 66:
transparency and the extra difficul
Page 67 and 68:
access to motorized forest tools, s
Page 69 and 70:
have the de jure right to restrict
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dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
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She argues that participation has b
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2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
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location, such as a community or or
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External validity, on the other han
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3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
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Through survey research we needed t
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variables (Ys) and the explanatory
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All these components we felt clearl
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(Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
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Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
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densely populated one with its 2622
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Figure 6: Agricultural production z
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establishment of more sisal estates
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are located, the total loss of fore
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communities such as the Maasai, Bar
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To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
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5.1 Priority of environmental manag
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established with the enactment of E
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esources and the environment, and t
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national forest reserves, i.e. both
Page 113 and 114:
degradation (REDD)” is found, as
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The Forest Act thus sets the framew
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5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
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the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
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5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
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Office and Regional Administration
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make sure the general population fo
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forest management activities by pla
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to the office within this period, w
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CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
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Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
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Drivers 32 . Each working group is
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Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
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esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
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cooperation with various academic i
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FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
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institutions (with the election of
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$500 million and lost governmental
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National FrameworkConsultationsNati
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Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
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together including government depar
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Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
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Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
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money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
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REDD+ and provides them with perfor
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In the second phase, the consultati
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Figure 14: Proposed public structur
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countries can participate according
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the state administration, and budge
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Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
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6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
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view to be a precondition for a gra
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6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
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coordination system among key stake
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6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
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that WMAs are completely overlooked
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6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
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should have to adhere to the same s
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though, as some feel there has been
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CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
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meaning that where households lived
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1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
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From Table 15 we can see that it is
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7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
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The majority of people carried thei
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By looking at the three different v
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When compared to location, we see t
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The types of crops produced seemed
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primarily for consumption and only
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Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
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7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
Page 215 and 216:
Table 35: Annual income sources by
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and Masugu were quite close to one
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political and social conditions wit
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Total household incomewere engaged
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not being able to tend to own incom
Page 225 and 226:
livelihood strategies into two over
Page 227 and 228:
In terms of income groups, less poo
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shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
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turning to other income sources as
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legal system within the district st
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egulations in place to deal with th
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In this chapter we have gone throug
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outline the project as a whole with
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Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
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organizations and research agencies
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Key design issues for the issues fo
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al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
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On this note, another main reason f
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As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
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Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
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have made for the forest 48 . Final
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When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
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From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
Page 273 and 274:
example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
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suffering the most from such a proj
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However, some issues still prevail
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wonder how these experts would valu
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As the basis of which carbon paymen
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ecome explicit and can increase con
Page 289 and 290:
It is also highly obvious that deal
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However, it is a concern as in some
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and sell forest products such as ch
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if Masugu seems to face most challe
Page 297 and 298:
On the basis of the information we
Page 299 and 300:
In terms of Efficiency there are al
Page 301 and 302:
In addition we found that further n
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the case for the poorest people in
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9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
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ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
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Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
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Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
Page 313 and 314:
Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
Page 315 and 316:
Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
Page 317 and 318:
Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
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United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
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World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
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iii
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LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
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A21. Does any member of your househ
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HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
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B12. How would you rate your access
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(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
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II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
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IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
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C24. Do you have any influence on t
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C34. Do you face any difficulties i
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1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
Page 348 and 349:
SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
Page 350 and 351:
___________________________________
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1 The compensation will make me equ
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