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PFMPFRAPMO-RALGPRAREDDR-PINRRASLASUATFCGToRUNFCCC:VEOVFRsVLFRsVNRCVPOWEOParticipatory Forest ManagementParticipatory Forest Resource AssessmentPrime Ministers´ Office Regional Administration and LocalGovernmentParticipatory Rural AppraisalReduced Emissions from Deforestation and Forest DegradationReadiness Plan Idea NoteRapid Rural AppraisalSustainable Livelihood ApproachSokoine University of AgricultureTanzania Forest Conservation GroupTerms of ReferenceUN Framework Convention on Climate ChangeVillage Executive OfficerVillage Forest ReservesVillage Land Forest ReservesVillage Natural Resource CommitteeVice Presidents´ OfficeWard Executive Officerxii
CHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION1.1 IntroductionSince the 1990‟s, when the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)released its first Assessment Report, increasing attention has been paid to climatechange and according to the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change(UNFCCC), “the international community should strive to prevent dangerousanthropogenic interference with the world‟s climate system” (UNFCCC 1992, p. 4).After the release of the IPCC‟s fourth assessment report it became apparent that it isvery likely that emissions from human activities have caused most of the observedincrease in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-20 th century and accordingto the Stern review, “If we don‟t act, the overall cost and risks of climate changecould be catastrophic and be equivalent to a loss of 5 % of the world‟s economyannually, now and forever” (IPCC 2007; Stern 2007).Together with the burning of fossil fuels deforestation plays a crucial role in climatechange and release more CO2 than the combined global transportation sector (Chiesa,Dere et al. 2009). Approximately 18-20% of current global carbon emissions is adirect result of deforestation annually, as the removal of trees account for the releaseof carbon back into the atmosphere from their stored form (United Republic ofTanzania 2009). In an attempt to respond to climate change emissions, there havebeen several environmental agreements and protocols, including the United NationsFramework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and its Kyoto Protocol (Boyd2009).Through the Kyoto Protocol some mechanisms have been developed to reduceemissions, such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), which “allowsdeveloped countries to offset emissions through energy or forest projects that mitigatecarbon dioxide (CO 2) from the atmosphere and allows developing countries tovoluntarily participate in efforts to reduce GHGs in returns for payments fromdeveloped countries” (Boyd 2009). However, only afforestation and reforestationactivities were accepted under the CDM, excluding avoided deforestation as anemission reduction strategy (United Republic of Tanzania 2010).1
Page 2 and 3: (NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
Page 4: DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
Page 8: AbstractThis study focuses on the g
Page 12 and 13: Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
Page 14: 7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
Page 17 and 18: List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
Page 19: List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
Page 23 and 24: As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
Page 25 and 26: Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
Page 27 and 28: livestock populations increase in T
Page 29 and 30: een trying to deal with the issue,
Page 31 and 32: under the CDM were afforestation an
Page 33 and 34: REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
Page 35 and 36: with the other FCPF countries (Unit
Page 37 and 38: Due to both limitations of time and
Page 39 and 40: 4 How do they interact with local g
Page 41 and 42: the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
Page 43 and 44: influence the characteristics of th
Page 45 and 46: There are many examples of rules th
Page 47 and 48: for collective decision-making; bal
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Description of the Sustainable
Page 53 and 54: different income sources at a point
Page 55 and 56: Although income and livelihood are
Page 57 and 58: (4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
Page 61 and 62: country needs a robust forest monit
Page 63 and 64: may be equally important in determi
Page 65 and 66: transparency and the extra difficul
Page 67 and 68: access to motorized forest tools, s
Page 69 and 70: have the de jure right to restrict
Page 71 and 72:
dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
Page 73 and 74:
She argues that participation has b
Page 75 and 76:
2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
Page 77 and 78:
location, such as a community or or
Page 79 and 80:
External validity, on the other han
Page 81 and 82:
3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
Page 83 and 84:
Through survey research we needed t
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variables (Ys) and the explanatory
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All these components we felt clearl
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(Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
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Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
Page 93 and 94:
densely populated one with its 2622
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Figure 6: Agricultural production z
Page 97 and 98:
establishment of more sisal estates
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are located, the total loss of fore
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communities such as the Maasai, Bar
Page 103 and 104:
To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
Page 105 and 106:
5.1 Priority of environmental manag
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established with the enactment of E
Page 109 and 110:
esources and the environment, and t
Page 111 and 112:
national forest reserves, i.e. both
Page 113 and 114:
degradation (REDD)” is found, as
Page 115 and 116:
The Forest Act thus sets the framew
Page 117 and 118:
5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
Page 119 and 120:
the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
Page 121 and 122:
5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
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Office and Regional Administration
Page 125 and 126:
make sure the general population fo
Page 127 and 128:
forest management activities by pla
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to the office within this period, w
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
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Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
Page 135 and 136:
Drivers 32 . Each working group is
Page 137 and 138:
Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
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esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
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cooperation with various academic i
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FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
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institutions (with the election of
Page 147 and 148:
$500 million and lost governmental
Page 149 and 150:
National FrameworkConsultationsNati
Page 151 and 152:
Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
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together including government depar
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Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
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Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
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money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
Page 161 and 162:
REDD+ and provides them with perfor
Page 163 and 164:
In the second phase, the consultati
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 14: Proposed public structur
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countries can participate according
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the state administration, and budge
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Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
Page 173 and 174:
6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
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view to be a precondition for a gra
Page 177 and 178:
6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
Page 179 and 180:
coordination system among key stake
Page 181 and 182:
6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
Page 183 and 184:
that WMAs are completely overlooked
Page 185 and 186:
6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
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should have to adhere to the same s
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though, as some feel there has been
Page 191 and 192:
CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
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meaning that where households lived
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1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
Page 197 and 198:
From Table 15 we can see that it is
Page 199 and 200:
7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
Page 201 and 202:
The majority of people carried thei
Page 203 and 204:
By looking at the three different v
Page 205 and 206:
When compared to location, we see t
Page 207 and 208:
The types of crops produced seemed
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primarily for consumption and only
Page 211 and 212:
Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
Page 213 and 214:
7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
Page 215 and 216:
Table 35: Annual income sources by
Page 217 and 218:
and Masugu were quite close to one
Page 219 and 220:
political and social conditions wit
Page 221 and 222:
Total household incomewere engaged
Page 223 and 224:
not being able to tend to own incom
Page 225 and 226:
livelihood strategies into two over
Page 227 and 228:
In terms of income groups, less poo
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shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
Page 231 and 232:
turning to other income sources as
Page 233 and 234:
legal system within the district st
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egulations in place to deal with th
Page 237 and 238:
In this chapter we have gone throug
Page 239 and 240:
outline the project as a whole with
Page 241 and 242:
Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
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organizations and research agencies
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Key design issues for the issues fo
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al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
Page 251 and 252:
On this note, another main reason f
Page 253 and 254:
As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
Page 257 and 258:
Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
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have made for the forest 48 . Final
Page 263 and 264:
When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
Page 267 and 268:
From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
Page 273 and 274:
example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
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suffering the most from such a proj
Page 281 and 282:
However, some issues still prevail
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wonder how these experts would valu
Page 285 and 286:
As the basis of which carbon paymen
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ecome explicit and can increase con
Page 289 and 290:
It is also highly obvious that deal
Page 291 and 292:
However, it is a concern as in some
Page 293 and 294:
and sell forest products such as ch
Page 295 and 296:
if Masugu seems to face most challe
Page 297 and 298:
On the basis of the information we
Page 299 and 300:
In terms of Efficiency there are al
Page 301 and 302:
In addition we found that further n
Page 303 and 304:
the case for the poorest people in
Page 305 and 306:
9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
Page 307 and 308:
ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
Page 309 and 310:
Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
Page 311 and 312:
Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
Page 313 and 314:
Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
Page 315 and 316:
Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
Page 317 and 318:
Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
Page 319 and 320:
United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
Page 321 and 322:
World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
Page 324:
iii
Page 328 and 329:
LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
Page 330 and 331:
A21. Does any member of your househ
Page 332 and 333:
HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
Page 334 and 335:
B12. How would you rate your access
Page 336 and 337:
(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
Page 338 and 339:
II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
Page 340 and 341:
IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
Page 342 and 343:
C24. Do you have any influence on t
Page 344 and 345:
C34. Do you face any difficulties i
Page 346 and 347:
1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
Page 348 and 349:
SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
Page 350 and 351:
___________________________________
Page 352 and 353:
1 The compensation will make me equ
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