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picture as close to reality as possible. Therefore only those, which said they wouldproduce charcoal or extract timber regularly, would be calculated into a year‟sextraction. The data we collected on poles on the other hand was more coincidental,by which we mean we were only able to capture the use/kg of those which hadextracted poles around that time, even though as the local context dictate mosthouseholds would use poles to build or mend their houses at one point or another.Finally we had to add the market value to the various products and when doing thiswe had to take into consideration the location we were in as the prices for products,especially charcoal, varied significantly according to location and depending onwhere and to whom they sold it different prices would be acquired. Again the weightof the charcoal bags could also vary. The same applied to some extent to agriculturalproducts, which meant also here we had to gather prices depending on the location,and be careful when calculating the weight. Given these uncertainties we are awarethat there might be either some under- or over-counting. However, as we consistentlytried to be as meticulous as possible when collecting this data we still feel that wewere able to capture a picture close to reality.3.6 Ethical considerationsIn terms of ethical considerations we followed particularly two ethical principles: thatof informed consent and that of confidentiality. Concerning informed consent, what ismeant is “that prospective research participants should be given as much informationas might be needed to make informed decision about whether or not they wish toparticipate in a study” (Bryman 2008, p.121.). As a result we gave out information ofwhy we were there, what we were looking at, and for which purpose the informationwould be used, at the beginning of every session we carried out, whether it was afocus group discussion, local resource person interview, or a household interview. Inaddition, the research participants were in most cases already informed of this uponour arrival as they had been notified by either the village chairman or VEO. Beforestarting the interviews we also asked for permission to talk to them, and after theintroduction round gave time to answer questions that they had.When it came to the principle of confidentiality, which Bryman defines as a processwhere “the identities and records of individuals are not identified and identifiable”68
(Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed it to the extent that it didn‟t undermine the aimof our study. As the aim of the POVSUS-REDD project, for which we collectedbaseline data, is to assess the changes after having implemented REDD, we had tokeep track of the people we interviewed in order for the project to be able to interviewthem again at a later stage. Therefore complete confidentiality in that regard was notpossible. Partial household lists were also given to our helpers in the field when tryingto locate our respondents, however they never had access to any of the informationthey gave us from the interviews. In addition, when inserting all the data into MSAccess and SPSS, each respondent were given a respondent number, and from thenon individuals were only referred to as such.69
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(NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
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DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
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AbstractThis study focuses on the g
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Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
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7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
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List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
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List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
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CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
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As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
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Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
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livestock populations increase in T
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een trying to deal with the issue,
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under the CDM were afforestation an
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REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
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with the other FCPF countries (Unit
Page 37 and 38: Due to both limitations of time and
Page 39 and 40: 4 How do they interact with local g
Page 41 and 42: the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
Page 43 and 44: influence the characteristics of th
Page 45 and 46: There are many examples of rules th
Page 47 and 48: for collective decision-making; bal
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Description of the Sustainable
Page 53 and 54: different income sources at a point
Page 55 and 56: Although income and livelihood are
Page 57 and 58: (4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
Page 61 and 62: country needs a robust forest monit
Page 63 and 64: may be equally important in determi
Page 65 and 66: transparency and the extra difficul
Page 67 and 68: access to motorized forest tools, s
Page 69 and 70: have the de jure right to restrict
Page 71 and 72: dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
Page 73 and 74: She argues that participation has b
Page 75 and 76: 2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
Page 77 and 78: location, such as a community or or
Page 79 and 80: External validity, on the other han
Page 81 and 82: 3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
Page 83 and 84: Through survey research we needed t
Page 85 and 86: variables (Ys) and the explanatory
Page 87: All these components we felt clearl
Page 91 and 92: Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
Page 93 and 94: densely populated one with its 2622
Page 95 and 96: Figure 6: Agricultural production z
Page 97 and 98: establishment of more sisal estates
Page 99 and 100: are located, the total loss of fore
Page 101 and 102: communities such as the Maasai, Bar
Page 103 and 104: To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Priority of environmental manag
Page 107 and 108: established with the enactment of E
Page 109 and 110: esources and the environment, and t
Page 111 and 112: national forest reserves, i.e. both
Page 113 and 114: degradation (REDD)” is found, as
Page 115 and 116: The Forest Act thus sets the framew
Page 117 and 118: 5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
Page 119 and 120: the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
Page 121 and 122: 5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
Page 123 and 124: Office and Regional Administration
Page 125 and 126: make sure the general population fo
Page 127 and 128: forest management activities by pla
Page 129 and 130: to the office within this period, w
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
Page 133 and 134: Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
Page 135 and 136: Drivers 32 . Each working group is
Page 137 and 138: Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
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esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
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cooperation with various academic i
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FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
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institutions (with the election of
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$500 million and lost governmental
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National FrameworkConsultationsNati
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Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
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together including government depar
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Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
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Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
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money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
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REDD+ and provides them with perfor
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In the second phase, the consultati
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Figure 14: Proposed public structur
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countries can participate according
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the state administration, and budge
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Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
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6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
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view to be a precondition for a gra
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6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
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coordination system among key stake
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6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
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that WMAs are completely overlooked
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6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
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should have to adhere to the same s
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though, as some feel there has been
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CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
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meaning that where households lived
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1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
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From Table 15 we can see that it is
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7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
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The majority of people carried thei
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By looking at the three different v
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When compared to location, we see t
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The types of crops produced seemed
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primarily for consumption and only
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Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
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7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
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Table 35: Annual income sources by
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and Masugu were quite close to one
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political and social conditions wit
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Total household incomewere engaged
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not being able to tend to own incom
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livelihood strategies into two over
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In terms of income groups, less poo
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shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
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turning to other income sources as
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legal system within the district st
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egulations in place to deal with th
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In this chapter we have gone throug
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outline the project as a whole with
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Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
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organizations and research agencies
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Key design issues for the issues fo
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al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
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On this note, another main reason f
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As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
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Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
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have made for the forest 48 . Final
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When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
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From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
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example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
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suffering the most from such a proj
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However, some issues still prevail
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wonder how these experts would valu
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As the basis of which carbon paymen
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ecome explicit and can increase con
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It is also highly obvious that deal
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However, it is a concern as in some
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and sell forest products such as ch
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if Masugu seems to face most challe
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On the basis of the information we
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In terms of Efficiency there are al
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In addition we found that further n
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the case for the poorest people in
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9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
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ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
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Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
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Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
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Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
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Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
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Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
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United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
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World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
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iii
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LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
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A21. Does any member of your househ
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HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
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B12. How would you rate your access
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(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
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II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
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IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
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C24. Do you have any influence on t
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C34. Do you face any difficulties i
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1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
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SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
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___________________________________
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1 The compensation will make me equ
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