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7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMITTANCE 2027.5.6 PERCEPTIONS ON LIVELIHOOD OUTCOMES 2037.3 VULNERABILITY AND RISKS 2047.3.1 SEASONALITY 2057.3.2 RISK MANAGEMENT AND COPING STRATEGIES 2077.3.3 RISK MANAGEMENT 2077.3.4 COPING STRATEGIES 2087.3.5. A BRIEF ANALYSIS OF THE MOST VULNERABLE HOUSEHOLDS 2097.4 POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT 2117.4.1 FORMAL INSTITUTIONS AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2117.4.2 INFORMAL INSTITUTIONS, RULES AND VALUES 2137.4.3 INFRASTRUCTURE AND MARKET ACCESS 215CHAPTER EIGHT – EVALUATION OF TFCG AND MJUMITA´S PILOT PROJECT“MAKING REDD WORK FOR COMMUNITIES AND FOREST CONSERVATION INTANZANIA 2188.1 TFCG AND MJUMITA 2198.1.1 TANZANIA FOREST CONSERVATION GROUP (TFCG) 2198.1.2. TANZANIA COMMUNITY FOREST CONSERVATION NETWORK (MJUMITA) 2218.2. “MAKING REDD WORK FOR COMMUNITIES AND FOREST CONSERVATION IN TANZANIA” 2218.2.1 PROJECT PROGRESS 2248.2.2 PFM AND REDD IN KILOSA DISTRICT 2258.3. EXISTING REGIMES 2458.3.1 EXPERIENCE WITH PFM 2498.4. CHALLENGES OF IMPLEMENTING AND RUNNING THE PILOT PROJECT 2518.4.1 PARTICIPATION 2528.4.3 CAPACITY, ACCOUNTABILITY AND TRANSPARENCY 2578.4.4 FINANCIAL MECHANISMS 2598.45 MONITORING, REPORTING AND VERIFICATION 2628.4.6 LEAKAGE 2648.4.7 OPPORTUNITY COSTS 2708.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND OVERALL EVALUATION 2728.5.1 LUNENZI 2728.5.2 NYALI 2738.5.3 MASUGU 2748.5.4 WEALTH GROUPS 275CHAPTER NINE – CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 2809.1 CONCLUSION 2809.2 RECOMMENDATIONS 285REFERENCES 287APPENDIXAPPENDIX 1: VILLAGE SKETCH MAPSAPPENDIX 2: QUESTIONNAIRE FOR THE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY OF THE BASELINE STUDYAPPENDIX 3: LIST OF INTERVIEWEESIIVIXXXIIvii
Page 2 and 3: (NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
Page 4: DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
Page 8: AbstractThis study focuses on the g
Page 12 and 13: Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
Page 16 and 17: List of FiguresFigure 1: Map over T
Page 18 and 19: Table 34: Total household income an
Page 20 and 21: PFMPFRAPMO-RALGPRAREDDR-PINRRASLASU
Page 22 and 23: As a result, the concept of Reduced
Page 24 and 25: 1.2 BackgroundTanzania, which is lo
Page 26 and 27: even in comparison with the rest of
Page 28 and 29: Table 2: Forest loss divided by for
Page 30 and 31: The three main objectives of PFM in
Page 32 and 33: crucial role of reducing emission f
Page 34 and 35: 1.2.4 REDD in TanzaniaCurrently, Ta
Page 36 and 37: To sum up, together with Tanzania
Page 38 and 39: empirically in relationship to our
Page 40 and 41: CHAPTER TWO - THEORETICAL APPROACHE
Page 42 and 43: introduce new technologies such as
Page 44 and 45: 2.1.3 Resource regimeThe regime con
Page 46 and 47: suitable for different social setti
Page 48 and 49: Political actors; preferences,actio
Page 50 and 51: Effectiveness, refers to the extent
Page 52 and 53: Chambers 3 , who was a prominent cr
Page 54 and 55: Figure 4: The Livelihood FrameworkS
Page 56 and 57: Poverty reduction - Forest products
Page 58 and 59: Table 3: The progress for theoretic
Page 60 and 61: 2.3.1. REDD on a global levelOn an
Page 62 and 63: degree of influence and power betwe
Page 64 and 65:
The arguments for this option is it
Page 66 and 67:
egulations, prohibitions and rights
Page 68 and 69:
forest (Vatn and Vedeld 2011). How
Page 70 and 71:
When looking at economical actors t
Page 72 and 73:
Table 4: Modified design principles
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administrative boundaries. She furt
Page 76 and 77:
CHAPTER THREE - METHODSIn this chap
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impact of that technology has been
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Appraisal (RRA) that derived from r
Page 82 and 83:
active use of focus group discussio
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3.4.1 Calculation of incomesAccordi
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eaches you, and it can also cause f
Page 88 and 89:
picture as close to reality as poss
Page 90 and 91:
CHAPTER FOUR - LOCAL STUDY AREAAs o
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The topography of the district vari
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year to year, falling in two period
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2006/2007 Kilosa District had to im
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where it is not established whether
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the unsustainable use of Kilosas fo
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the District Committee in 2009 evic
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CHAPTER FIVE - TANZANIA NATIONAL ST
Page 106 and 107:
5.2 Office of the Vice-PresidentThe
Page 108 and 109:
Figure 7: Institutional Arrangement
Page 110 and 111:
Table 5: Budget summary for ministr
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it also encourages local participat
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those districts having LAFRs it oft
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The only real difference in the pro
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In order to get the clearest pictur
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in their respective areas of jurisd
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encompass at least one-fourth of fe
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This land falls under state propert
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However, PFM places great emphasis
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Table 7: Kilosa District Department
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must do is apply the District Counc
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By this we can identify the institu
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From the start, it was important to
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The REDD Task force and the REDD in
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6.1.1.3 Stakeholder analysisThe dif
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these officers work with are primar
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Global networks are not necessarily
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Table 9: Various stakeholders’ in
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solution. In the last section of a
Page 148 and 149:
In the analytical phase, we then ha
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1. REDD institutional arrangements
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To ensure a secure land tenure syst
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Republic of Tanzania 2010). In 2009
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6.1.3.2 Pilot projectsFrom the star
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Figure 13: Map over REDD+ Pilot Pro
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supportive projects and programmes
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approach to conservation, and a Eas
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concerns are; corruption, poor inte
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activities. In this sense, it will
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For a while there has been on-going
Page 170 and 171:
where at the district and ward leve
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As mentioned, Tanzania came out wit
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that they with a draft strategy wil
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and societal actors” (Berger 2003
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2010). So far, the TF has been gett
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(remote) communities and help creat
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ules and regulations in place and c
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most likely pose new challenges. Th
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money in a competent way. For insta
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Embassy is working together with ot
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people which come from outside thes
Page 192 and 193:
Table 13: Socio-economic factors by
Page 194 and 195:
Figure 16: Level of worker/consumer
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As seen, there are substantial vari
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Here we see that it is still the ho
Page 200 and 201:
Another interesting finding is that
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N = 180, * indicates significantly
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Most people consider their village
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households in the study area. Howev
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might think that more wealthy house
Page 210 and 211:
some timber being transported by bi
Page 212 and 213:
7.2.3 Non-farm activitiesIn the stu
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7.5 OutcomesOut from the access to
Page 216 and 217:
7.5.1 Agricultural incomeOverall, a
Page 218 and 219:
7.5.2 Environmental incomeWithin th
Page 220 and 221:
Table 40: Forest environmental inco
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highest returns from them, they are
Page 224 and 225:
Table 41: How well-off households p
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30.0025.0020.0015.0010.005.000.00Fi
Page 228 and 229:
Lunenzi had bigger households than
Page 230 and 231:
Table 45: Socio-economic factors to
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management authority of the Village
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living in the village, and rather t
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for a higher price. A common compla
Page 238 and 239:
CHAPTER EIGHT - EVALUATION OF TFCG
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conservation, and the development o
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experience with the two districts,
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8.2.1 Project ProgressAfter roughly
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Following this line of thought, the
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Agricultural and Livestock Office a
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Table 48: Awareness of project by t
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we encountered as well, and whereas
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the ones most willing to not cultiv
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8.2.2.2.2 Management authority unde
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management responsibility which als
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levels had increased after Masugu j
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Overall, the level of participation
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they might then be able to substitu
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758865Nyali Lunenzi Masugu Lumango
Page 268 and 269:
Lumango scores lower than both Lune
Page 270 and 271:
Table 58: Experiences from PFM in T
Page 272 and 273:
8.4.1 ParticipationThe first challe
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REDD is fully implemented and if be
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occur as a result of REDD, some iss
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and establish a monitoring system t
Page 280 and 281:
financing carbon co-operative based
Page 282 and 283:
8.45 Monitoring, Reporting and Veri
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The bigger the forest, the more inc
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on forest conservation and environm
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thus reduce the need of having to c
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we will now discuss as a factor whi
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8.5 Concluding remarks and overall
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quarrels with Maasai pastoralists w
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unsustainable forest use, thus maki
Page 298 and 299:
As a final summarising point we put
Page 300 and 301:
CHAPTER NINE - CONCLUSION ANDRECOMM
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What we found, was a somewhat “ov
Page 304 and 305:
handle within a REDD project. Eithe
Page 306 and 307:
286
Page 308 and 309:
Benjaminsen, T. A., F. P. Maganga,
Page 310 and 311:
Cotula, L. (2009). Land grab or dev
Page 312 and 313:
Hydén, G. (2006). "Beyond Governan
Page 314 and 315:
Ministry of Natural Resources and T
Page 316 and 317:
Prime Ministers Office and Regional
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The REDD Desk (2011). "The REDD+ Ta
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Vatn, A. and P. Vedeld (2011). Gett
Page 322:
APPENDIXAppendix 1: Village Sketch
Page 327 and 328:
Appendix 2: Questionnaire for the h
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A16What is the most important sourc
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assessing the local livelihood outc
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B9. How do you feed your livestock
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B16a. If „bad‟ or „very bad
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e dealt with in the PRA interviews.
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1 My/our interests are not taken in
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2 Clear boundaries/outsiders are ke
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them always them mostly follow them
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C35a. If „somewhat dissatisfied
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9 Creates opportunities for corrupt
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D4. How satisfied are you with thes
Page 351 and 352:
SECTION E: Pre-REDD AnalysisThe aim
Page 353:
Appendix 3: List of IntervieweesNam
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