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Table 5: Budget summary for ministries and departments 2004/2005DescriptionEstimates(local)% Estimates(foreign)% 2004/2005Estimates%Ministry ofNaturalResources andTourismTotal MinistriesDepartmentSource: (Catalyst 2004).1,136,586,300222,933,754,0006 17,833,913,10021 824,026,207,80094 18,970,499,400 10079 1,046,959,961,800 100The third main funding comes from revenue collection, for instance from timber/logs,flooring wood, charcoal production, tree seeds and licensing and registration ofdealers of forest products. However, as stated both in the PEER of 2004 and in a laterTRAFFIC report there are severe under-collection of revenue at all levels ofgovernment, within the MNRT-FBD as well as local government (The Vice-Presidents Office 2004; Milledge, Gelvas et al. 2007). The source of financing is alsoaffected by the fact that not all of the revenue collected stays in the sector, and 32% istaken to the National Treasury. This lack of financial resources is quite worrisome, asit still persists in current times, and as the MNRT itself has reported, without adequatefinancial (and managerial) capacity it has led to the inability to institute sustainableforest management, resulting in improper tending and harvesting schedules and canultimately lead to policy failures (MNRT 1998).The FBD is divided in four sections, headed by Assistant Directors, namely: ForestryDevelopment, Beekeeping Development, Forest Utilisation and Research, andTraining and Statistics. Institutions and agencies under the FBD include the TanzaniaForest Fund (TFF), established as a result of the Forest Act of 2002, and the TanzaniaTree Seed Agency (TTSA), which is semi-autonomous and lies within the boundariesof MNRT and under FBD. In addition, the Tanzania Forest Services (TFS), a semiautonomousgovernment Executive Agency was to be established as a result of the2002 Forest Act. The TFS is as of yet not fully operational, and when it will, isuncertain (United Republic of Tanzania 2010). When it is it will take over some of theoperational roles and functions of the division. This transfer of authority will includethe management of forest and resources on general lands and the management of all90
national forest reserves, i.e. both natural forest reserves and national plantations 26Like the other sub-sectors of the MNRT, the FBD is also guided by its own sectorpolicies, in this case the National Forest and Beekeeping policies of 1998. Further,The National Forest and Beekeeping Programme (NFBKP) from 2001-2010 guidesthe policy implementation, and the Forest Act No. 14 of 2002 and Beekeeping ActNo. 15 of 2002 provides the legal framework for management of the countries forestand beekeeping resources (Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism 2011).The main goal of the Forest Policy of 1998 is to “enhance the contribution of theforest sector to the sustainable development of Tanzania and the conservation andmanagement of her natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations”(United Republic of Tanzania 2011). To reach their goal, the main objectives are putforward as:“to preserve a sufficient forest area under effective management to ensure asustainable supply of forest products and services in the future; to accomplish asustainable forest-based industrial development and trade to increase employmentand foreign exchange earnings; to conserve forest biodiversity, water catchments andsoil fertility and subsequently ensure ecosystem stability and; to manage and developthe forest sector in collaboration with other stakeholders in order to enhance thenational capacity”(Ibid, p.91).This participation of stakeholder includes interested donor communities, the FBD, theprivate sector, various NGOs and CBOs, and local governments (Ibid.). Two of thepolicy statements clearly show the focus on broad stakeholder inclusion. First, ithighlights the need for clear ownership for all forests both on central, local and villagelevel and for proper allocation of management responsibilities to government, privateindividuals as well as villages. Secondly, to further cooperation, it encourages jointforest management between central, private or local governments. Not less important,26 In the TFS Framework Document of 2010 the date when this agency treads into full effect is notstated, or rather is left blank. United Republic of Tanzania (2010). Tanzania Forest Service frameworkdocument. Ministry of Natural Resources and Tourism. Dar es Salaam.91
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(NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
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DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
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AbstractThis study focuses on the g
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Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
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7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
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List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
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List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
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CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
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As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
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Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
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livestock populations increase in T
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een trying to deal with the issue,
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under the CDM were afforestation an
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REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
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with the other FCPF countries (Unit
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Due to both limitations of time and
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4 How do they interact with local g
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the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
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influence the characteristics of th
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There are many examples of rules th
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for collective decision-making; bal
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2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
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2.2. Description of the Sustainable
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different income sources at a point
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Although income and livelihood are
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(4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
Page 61 and 62: country needs a robust forest monit
Page 63 and 64: may be equally important in determi
Page 65 and 66: transparency and the extra difficul
Page 67 and 68: access to motorized forest tools, s
Page 69 and 70: have the de jure right to restrict
Page 71 and 72: dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
Page 73 and 74: She argues that participation has b
Page 75 and 76: 2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
Page 77 and 78: location, such as a community or or
Page 79 and 80: External validity, on the other han
Page 81 and 82: 3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
Page 83 and 84: Through survey research we needed t
Page 85 and 86: variables (Ys) and the explanatory
Page 87 and 88: All these components we felt clearl
Page 89 and 90: (Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
Page 91 and 92: Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
Page 93 and 94: densely populated one with its 2622
Page 95 and 96: Figure 6: Agricultural production z
Page 97 and 98: establishment of more sisal estates
Page 99 and 100: are located, the total loss of fore
Page 101 and 102: communities such as the Maasai, Bar
Page 103 and 104: To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
Page 105 and 106: 5.1 Priority of environmental manag
Page 107 and 108: established with the enactment of E
Page 109: esources and the environment, and t
Page 113 and 114: degradation (REDD)” is found, as
Page 115 and 116: The Forest Act thus sets the framew
Page 117 and 118: 5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
Page 119 and 120: the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
Page 121 and 122: 5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
Page 123 and 124: Office and Regional Administration
Page 125 and 126: make sure the general population fo
Page 127 and 128: forest management activities by pla
Page 129 and 130: to the office within this period, w
Page 131 and 132: CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
Page 133 and 134: Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
Page 135 and 136: Drivers 32 . Each working group is
Page 137 and 138: Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
Page 139 and 140: esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
Page 141 and 142: cooperation with various academic i
Page 143 and 144: FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
Page 145 and 146: institutions (with the election of
Page 147 and 148: $500 million and lost governmental
Page 149 and 150: National FrameworkConsultationsNati
Page 151 and 152: Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
Page 153 and 154: together including government depar
Page 155 and 156: Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
Page 157 and 158: Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
Page 159 and 160: money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
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REDD+ and provides them with perfor
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In the second phase, the consultati
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Figure 14: Proposed public structur
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countries can participate according
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the state administration, and budge
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Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
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6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
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view to be a precondition for a gra
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6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
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coordination system among key stake
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6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
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that WMAs are completely overlooked
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6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
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should have to adhere to the same s
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though, as some feel there has been
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CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
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meaning that where households lived
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1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
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From Table 15 we can see that it is
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7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
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The majority of people carried thei
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By looking at the three different v
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When compared to location, we see t
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The types of crops produced seemed
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primarily for consumption and only
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Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
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7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
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Table 35: Annual income sources by
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and Masugu were quite close to one
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political and social conditions wit
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Total household incomewere engaged
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not being able to tend to own incom
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livelihood strategies into two over
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In terms of income groups, less poo
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shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
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turning to other income sources as
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legal system within the district st
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egulations in place to deal with th
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In this chapter we have gone throug
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outline the project as a whole with
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Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
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organizations and research agencies
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Key design issues for the issues fo
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al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
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On this note, another main reason f
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As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
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Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
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have made for the forest 48 . Final
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When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
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From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
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example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
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suffering the most from such a proj
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However, some issues still prevail
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wonder how these experts would valu
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As the basis of which carbon paymen
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ecome explicit and can increase con
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It is also highly obvious that deal
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However, it is a concern as in some
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and sell forest products such as ch
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if Masugu seems to face most challe
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On the basis of the information we
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In terms of Efficiency there are al
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In addition we found that further n
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the case for the poorest people in
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9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
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ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
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Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
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Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
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Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
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Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
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Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
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United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
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World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
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iii
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LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
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A21. Does any member of your househ
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HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
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B12. How would you rate your access
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(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
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II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
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IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
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C24. Do you have any influence on t
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C34. Do you face any difficulties i
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1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
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SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
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___________________________________
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1 The compensation will make me equ
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