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ecome explicit and can increase conflict levels in ways which could constraint theeffort of reducing deforestation and forest degradation. For REDD to work in Kilosa,mechanisms must be in place to prevent this.In terms of recognizing other land uses a Maasai we interview stressed the the need ofincluding other land types in REDD, including grasslands. More thought and effort isneeded to create a unified approach that includes all types of land in terms of carbonstorage and credits. This argument can, however, at the moment be dismissed by thesimple definition of REDD as reduced emissions from deforestation and forestdegradation – hence, forest only. Since it does not include other types of land, whatwe can risk is to see other types of land uses increase. Shrubs and bushes in factcovered a lot of the land we saw during our visit and much of the firewood wascollected from there. The pressure against such lands could thus potentially increase,which will in a total sense then not reduce any emissions. In addition, if not dealtwith, when these areas are too degraded people might start venturing into the forestagain. As such this challenge we see is extremely important to try to tackle.In terms of dealing with intra-community drivers of deforestation and forestdegradation, added livelihood benefits will be provided such as providing training andinputs for a more efficient agriculture, provide for alternative or more efficient energyuse and facilitate tree planting, and through PFM, establish a clearer and moresustainable land use. Various measures will be discussed with each community anddepending on what they feel they need a set of activities will be chosen in order forthem to reduce their forest use and which make up what TFCG has called a “leakagestrategy”. However for the most parts, a combination of the above mentionedactivities will be carried out, and agricultural improvement is seen as particularlyimportant. For instance TFCG has now added, most likely, a 6 th member in their staffwhich deals purely with agriculture (Local resource person 2010). According to theprogress report the activities already carried out include 26 villages whereparticipatory strategies to reduce D&D and improve livelihoods have been developed,within which some have prepared village land use and management plans and bylaws,some households have adopted fuel efficient stoves and farmers have come withrecommendations on measures and activities which can improve their agriculture and267