View/Open - Sokoine University of Agriculture

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 4: The Livelihood FrameworkSource: (Scoones 1998)existing institutions and organisations are taken into consideration on top of physicaland contextual characteristics of a household one gets to where a livelihood strategy isdeveloped. Here rural households have three livelihood options; intensify production,diversify livelihood conditions or migrate elsewhere.Below is an illustration of the sustainable livelihood framework:34
Although income and livelihood are two separate things, the level of householdincome is often used to measure livelihoods and comprises of both a subsistence andcash aspect. While the cash component would include for example sales, wages andremittances, subsistence would include for instance the consumption of ownagricultural produce and environmental resources. A total household income can thusbe divided into five different income groups by (Ellis 2000):Agricultural income – refers to income from own-account farming, whether onowner occupied land, or on land accessed through cash and tenancy. Broadlydefined agricultural income includes livestock as well as crop income andcomprises of both consumption and cash income from the output sold.Off-farm income – refers to wage or exchange labour on other farms and alsoincludes labour payments in kind.Non-farm income – refers to non-agricultural income sources such as nonfarmrural wage employment and non-farm rural self employmentRemittance – refers to income transfers between households, withinhouseholds or from outside organisations or households in some ways.Environmental income – refers to income derived from natural resources,sinks, and processes created by nature rather than by humans. Environmentalincome will here be treated as forest income.While we will use all of the income measures to identify overall diversification wewill also use them to calculate an overall household income. However, due to REDDsforests focus, an extra emphasise on forest environmental income will be made. It haslong been argued that environmental income is relatively more important to the poor,and as such, overuse and degradation will hurt the poor more than others.Vedeld et al. (2004) distinguish between three different functions of forest income.Safety nets – Forest products are used to overcome unexpected income shortfalls orcash needs.Support of current consumption – Forest products are important to maintain thecurrent level of consumption and prevent the household from falling into (deeper)poverty. This role would largely correspond with the term “coping strategy”35
Page 2 and 3:
(NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
Page 4: DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
Page 8: AbstractThis study focuses on the g
Page 12 and 13: Table of ContentsCHAPTER ONE - INTR
Page 14: 7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
Page 17 and 18: List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
Page 19 and 20: List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
Page 23 and 24: As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
Page 25 and 26: Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
Page 27 and 28: livestock populations increase in T
Page 29 and 30: een trying to deal with the issue,
Page 31 and 32: under the CDM were afforestation an
Page 33 and 34: REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
Page 35 and 36: with the other FCPF countries (Unit
Page 37 and 38: Due to both limitations of time and
Page 39 and 40: 4 How do they interact with local g
Page 41 and 42: the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
Page 43 and 44: influence the characteristics of th
Page 45 and 46: There are many examples of rules th
Page 47 and 48: for collective decision-making; bal
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Description of the Sustainable
Page 53: different income sources at a point
Page 57 and 58: (4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
Page 61 and 62: country needs a robust forest monit
Page 63 and 64: may be equally important in determi
Page 65 and 66: transparency and the extra difficul
Page 67 and 68: access to motorized forest tools, s
Page 69 and 70: have the de jure right to restrict
Page 71 and 72: dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
Page 73 and 74: She argues that participation has b
Page 75 and 76: 2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
Page 77 and 78: location, such as a community or or
Page 79 and 80: External validity, on the other han
Page 81 and 82: 3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
Page 83 and 84: Through survey research we needed t
Page 85 and 86: variables (Ys) and the explanatory
Page 87 and 88: All these components we felt clearl
Page 89 and 90: (Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
Page 91 and 92: Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
Page 93 and 94: densely populated one with its 2622
Page 95 and 96: Figure 6: Agricultural production z
Page 97 and 98: establishment of more sisal estates
Page 99 and 100: are located, the total loss of fore
Page 101 and 102: communities such as the Maasai, Bar
Page 103 and 104: To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
Page 105 and 106:
5.1 Priority of environmental manag
Page 107 and 108:
established with the enactment of E
Page 109 and 110:
esources and the environment, and t
Page 111 and 112:
national forest reserves, i.e. both
Page 113 and 114:
degradation (REDD)” is found, as
Page 115 and 116:
The Forest Act thus sets the framew
Page 117 and 118:
5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
Page 119 and 120:
the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
Page 121 and 122:
5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
Page 123 and 124:
Office and Regional Administration
Page 125 and 126:
make sure the general population fo
Page 127 and 128:
forest management activities by pla
Page 129 and 130:
to the office within this period, w
Page 131 and 132:
CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
Page 133 and 134:
Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
Page 135 and 136:
Drivers 32 . Each working group is
Page 137 and 138:
Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
Page 139 and 140:
esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
Page 141 and 142:
cooperation with various academic i
Page 143 and 144:
FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
Page 145 and 146:
institutions (with the election of
Page 147 and 148:
$500 million and lost governmental
Page 149 and 150:
National FrameworkConsultationsNati
Page 151 and 152:
Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
Page 153 and 154:
together including government depar
Page 155 and 156:
Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
Page 157 and 158:
Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
Page 159 and 160:
money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
Page 161 and 162:
REDD+ and provides them with perfor
Page 163 and 164:
In the second phase, the consultati
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 14: Proposed public structur
Page 167 and 168:
countries can participate according
Page 169 and 170:
the state administration, and budge
Page 171 and 172:
Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
Page 173 and 174:
6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
Page 175 and 176:
view to be a precondition for a gra
Page 177 and 178:
6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
Page 179 and 180:
coordination system among key stake
Page 181 and 182:
6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
Page 183 and 184:
that WMAs are completely overlooked
Page 185 and 186:
6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
Page 187 and 188:
should have to adhere to the same s
Page 189 and 190:
though, as some feel there has been
Page 191 and 192:
CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
Page 193 and 194:
meaning that where households lived
Page 195 and 196:
1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
Page 197 and 198:
From Table 15 we can see that it is
Page 199 and 200:
7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
Page 201 and 202:
The majority of people carried thei
Page 203 and 204:
By looking at the three different v
Page 205 and 206:
When compared to location, we see t
Page 207 and 208:
The types of crops produced seemed
Page 209 and 210:
primarily for consumption and only
Page 211 and 212:
Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
Page 213 and 214:
7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
Page 215 and 216:
Table 35: Annual income sources by
Page 217 and 218:
and Masugu were quite close to one
Page 219 and 220:
political and social conditions wit
Page 221 and 222:
Total household incomewere engaged
Page 223 and 224:
not being able to tend to own incom
Page 225 and 226:
livelihood strategies into two over
Page 227 and 228:
In terms of income groups, less poo
Page 229 and 230:
shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
Page 231 and 232:
turning to other income sources as
Page 233 and 234:
legal system within the district st
Page 235 and 236:
egulations in place to deal with th
Page 237 and 238:
In this chapter we have gone throug
Page 239 and 240:
outline the project as a whole with
Page 241 and 242:
Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
Page 243 and 244:
organizations and research agencies
Page 245 and 246:
Key design issues for the issues fo
Page 247 and 248:
al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
Page 249 and 250:
this forest protection, however, va
Page 251 and 252:
On this note, another main reason f
Page 253 and 254:
As a final factor to take into cons
Page 255 and 256:
less are also highly dependent on f
Page 257 and 258:
Table 54: The authority viewed as b
Page 259 and 260:
8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
Page 261 and 262:
have made for the forest 48 . Final
Page 263 and 264:
When asked about the first option
Page 265 and 266:
8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
Page 267 and 268:
From the table above there are seve
Page 269 and 270:
REDD+ will succeed in the other are
Page 271 and 272:
project, both in terms of permanenc
Page 273 and 274:
example given previously about anot
Page 275 and 276:
The full participation of district
Page 277 and 278:
mismanagement there would be. It wa
Page 279 and 280:
suffering the most from such a proj
Page 281 and 282:
However, some issues still prevail
Page 283 and 284:
wonder how these experts would valu
Page 285 and 286:
As the basis of which carbon paymen
Page 287 and 288:
ecome explicit and can increase con
Page 289 and 290:
It is also highly obvious that deal
Page 291 and 292:
However, it is a concern as in some
Page 293 and 294:
and sell forest products such as ch
Page 295 and 296:
if Masugu seems to face most challe
Page 297 and 298:
On the basis of the information we
Page 299 and 300:
In terms of Efficiency there are al
Page 301 and 302:
In addition we found that further n
Page 303 and 304:
the case for the poorest people in
Page 305 and 306:
9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
Page 307 and 308:
ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
Page 309 and 310:
Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
Page 311 and 312:
Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
Page 313 and 314:
Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
Page 315 and 316:
Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
Page 317 and 318:
Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
Page 319 and 320:
United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
Page 321 and 322:
World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
Page 324:
iii
Page 328 and 329:
LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
Page 330 and 331:
A21. Does any member of your househ
Page 332 and 333:
HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
Page 334 and 335:
B12. How would you rate your access
Page 336 and 337:
(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
Page 338 and 339:
II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
Page 340 and 341:
IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
Page 342 and 343:
C24. Do you have any influence on t
Page 344 and 345:
C34. Do you face any difficulties i
Page 346 and 347:
1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
Page 348 and 349:
SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
Page 350 and 351:
___________________________________
Page 352 and 353:
1 The compensation will make me equ
show all

View/Open - Sokoine University of Agriculture

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?