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Table <strong>of</strong> ContentsCHAPTER ONE – INTRODUCTION 11.1 INTRODUCTION 11.2 BACKGROUND 41.2.1 FOREST SITUATION TANZANIA 41.2.2 EVOLUTION OF LAND AND FOREST MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA 71.2.3 EVOLUTION OF REDD 101.2.4 REDD IN TANZANIA 141.3 POVSUS – REDD AND TFCG 161.4 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND JUSTIFICATION 171.4.1 OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 181.5 STRUCTURE OF THESIS 19CHAPTER TWO – THEORETICAL APPROACHES 202.1 A RESOURCE REGIME FRAMEWORK 202.1.1 ATTRIBUTES OF THE RESOURCES, AVAILABLE INFRASTRUCTURE AND TECHNOLOGY 212.1.2 INSTITUTIONS 222.1.3 RESOURCE REGIME 242.1.4 ACTORS AND GOVERNANCE STRUCTURE 262.1.5. INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ACTORS/PATTERN OF INTERACTION: 292.1.6 OUTCOMES 292.2. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUSTAINABLE LIVELIHOOD APPROACH 312.2.1 FOREST INCOME, SLA AND REDD 322.2.2 LINKS BETWEEN SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AND FOREST DEPENDENCE 362.3 ENVIRONMENTAL GOVERNANCE IN THE FORM OF REDD 382.3.1. REDD ON A GLOBAL LEVEL 402.3.2. NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL OPTIONS AND POLITICAL ACTORS 412.3.3. SUB-INSTITUTIONS AND POLICY APPROACHES 452.3.4 FORESTS AS THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCE UNDER REDD 462.3.5 FOREST PROPERTY REGIME 482.3.6 ECONOMICAL ACTORS OF FOREST RESOURCES 492.3.7 OSTROM´S DESIGN PRINCIPLES AND CLEAVERS´ ANALYSIS OF PARTICIPATION 51CHAPTER THREE – METHODS 563.1 STUDY DESIGN 563.2 VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY 583.3 METHODS OF DATA COLLECTION 593.3.1 LITERATURE REVIEW 603.3.2 PARTICIPANT OBSERVATIONS 603.3.3 SEMI-STRUCTURED AND STRUCTURED INTERVIEWS 613.3.4 FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSIONS 613.3.5 SURVEY RESEARCH, SITE SELECTION AND SAMPLING 623.4 DATA ANALYSIS 633.4.1 CALCULATION OF INCOMES 643.4.2 STATISTICAL TESTS 643.5 LIMITATIONS AND CHALLENGES 653.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS 68CHAPTER FOUR – LOCAL STUDY AREA 70v
4.1 POPULATION 724.2 VEGETATION, WILDLIFE AND CLIMATE 734.3 LAND USE 744.3.1 AGRICULTURE 744.3.2 FORESTRY 784.3.3. LIVESTOCK KEEPING 803.4 A HISTORY OF CONFLICT BETWEEN FARMERS AND HERDERS 81CHAPTER FIVE – TANZANIA NATIONAL STRUCTURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANDFOREST MANAGEMENT 845.1 PRIORITY OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN TANZANIA 855.2 OFFICE OF THE VICE-PRESIDENT 865.3 MINISTRY OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND TOURISM AND ITS ORGANISATIONS/AGENCIES 885.3.1 FORESTRY AND BEEKEEPING DIVISION 895.4 TANZANIA LOCAL STRUCTURE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND FOREST MANAGEMENT 975.4.1 THE REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION IN PMO-RALG 985.4.2 LOCAL GOVERNMENT AUTHORITIES (LGAS) – STRUCTURE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 985.4.3 DISTRICT, WARD AND VILLAGE GOVERNMENT 1015.4.4 LAND TENURE AND MANAGEMENT 1035.5 KILOSA DISTRICT NATURAL RESOURCES OFFICE 106CHAPTER SIX – REDD IN TANZANIA 1116.1 THE GOVERNANCE PROCESS OF REDD IN TANZANIA – PATTERNS OF INTERACTION 1126.1.1 THE ANALYTICAL PHASE 1136.1.2 THE CONSULTATIVE PHASE 1286.1.3 STRATEGIC ANALYSIS AND PILOTING 1336.2 THE NATIONAL REDD+ ARCHITECTURE 1436.2.1 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE/INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING THE POLICY PROCESS 1442.1.6 REDD IN RELATION TO EXISTING POLICIES AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 1506.3 MAJOR CHALLENGES FOR AN EFFECTIVE REDD IMPLEMENTATION IN TANZANIA 1536.3.1 PATTERNS OF INTERACTION DERIVED FROM CHOICES MADE BY THE ACTORS 1536.3.1.3 COORDINATION OF ACTIVITIES AND STAKEHOLDERS 1576.3.2 INSTITUTIONS GOVERNING THE POLICY PROCESS, INCLUDING ALL CONVENTIONS, NORMS ANDFORMAL RULES 161CHAPTER SEVEN – LOCAL LIVELIHOODS AND DEPENDENCE ON ENVIRONMENTALRESOURCES 1717.1 HOUSEHOLD ACCESS TO ASSETS 1717.1.1 HUMAN CAPITAL AND LABOUR 1727.1.2 NATURAL CAPITAL – LAND 1767.1.3 PHYSICAL CAPITAL 1797.1.4 SOCIAL CAPITAL 1827.1.5 FINANCIAL CAPITAL 1847.2 ACTIVITIES AND INCOME SOURCES (HOUSEHOLD LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES) 1867.2.1 AGRICULTURE 1867.2.2 FOREST ENVIRONMENT ACTIVITIES 1887.2.3 NON-FARM ACTIVITIES 1927.2.4 OFF-FARM ACTIVITIES 1937.5 OUTCOMES 1947.5.1 AGRICULTURAL INCOME 1967.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL INCOME 1987.5.3 NON-FARM INCOME 202vi
Page 2 and 3: (NOT) A REDD LIGHT DISTRICT?REDD po
Page 4: DECLARATIONWe, Cecilie Dyngeland an
Page 8: AbstractThis study focuses on the g
Page 14: 7.5.4 OFF-FARM INCOME 2027.5.5 REMI
Page 17 and 18: List of TablesTable 1: Land use dis
Page 19 and 20: List of Abbreviations and AcronymsC
Page 21 and 22: CHAPTER ONE - INTRODUCTION1.1 Intro
Page 23 and 24: As a result of the ongoing REDD rea
Page 25 and 26: Brachystegia, Julbernardia and Isob
Page 27 and 28: livestock populations increase in T
Page 29 and 30: een trying to deal with the issue,
Page 31 and 32: under the CDM were afforestation an
Page 33 and 34: REDD+ “readiness” funding provi
Page 35 and 36: with the other FCPF countries (Unit
Page 37 and 38: Due to both limitations of time and
Page 39 and 40: 4 How do they interact with local g
Page 41 and 42: the actors; (6) Outcomes and evalua
Page 43 and 44: influence the characteristics of th
Page 45 and 46: There are many examples of rules th
Page 47 and 48: for collective decision-making; bal
Page 49 and 50: 2.1.5. Interactions between actors/
Page 51 and 52: 2.2. Description of the Sustainable
Page 53 and 54: different income sources at a point
Page 55 and 56: Although income and livelihood are
Page 57 and 58: (4) Size of household: The size of
Page 59 and 60: a set of definitions to explain the
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country needs a robust forest monit
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may be equally important in determi
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transparency and the extra difficul
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access to motorized forest tools, s
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have the de jure right to restrict
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dwellers in the REDD process, in ma
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She argues that participation has b
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2.3.7.2 Model of individualsIn disc
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location, such as a community or or
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External validity, on the other han
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3.3.3 Semi-structured and structure
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Through survey research we needed t
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variables (Ys) and the explanatory
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All these components we felt clearl
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(Bryman 2008, p.118.), we followed
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Figure 5: Map over Kilosa DistrictL
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densely populated one with its 2622
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Figure 6: Agricultural production z
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establishment of more sisal estates
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are located, the total loss of fore
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communities such as the Maasai, Bar
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To sum up, Kilosa District can be c
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5.1 Priority of environmental manag
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established with the enactment of E
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esources and the environment, and t
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national forest reserves, i.e. both
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degradation (REDD)” is found, as
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The Forest Act thus sets the framew
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5.4 Tanzania local structure for en
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the 1970s and 1980s. Firstly, as pa
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5.4.3 District, Ward and Village Go
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Office and Regional Administration
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make sure the general population fo
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forest management activities by pla
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to the office within this period, w
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CHAPTER SIX - REDD IN TANZANIAIn th
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Analytical phaseEstablishing goals,
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Drivers 32 . Each working group is
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Table 8: Stakeholders involved in t
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esponsibilities with NEMC, which al
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cooperation with various academic i
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FORCONSULT‟s (2010) in-depth stud
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institutions (with the election of
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$500 million and lost governmental
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National FrameworkConsultationsNati
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Table 10: Zonal consultation proces
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together including government depar
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Modalities ofEstablishing andOperat
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Table 12: NGO REDD pilot projectsNG
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money, NGO‟s will adopt to the do
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REDD+ and provides them with perfor
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In the second phase, the consultati
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Figure 14: Proposed public structur
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countries can participate according
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the state administration, and budge
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Table 6.6 REDD in relation to exist
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6.3 Major challenges for an effecti
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view to be a precondition for a gra
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6.3.1.3 Coordination of activities
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coordination system among key stake
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6.3.2 Institutions governing the po
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that WMAs are completely overlooked
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6.3.2.2 Good Governance and Institu
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should have to adhere to the same s
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though, as some feel there has been
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CHAPTER SEVEN - LOCAL LIVELIHOODS A
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meaning that where households lived
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1 %28 %No formaleductaionPrimary71
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From Table 15 we can see that it is
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7.1.3 Physical capitalIn general, a
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The majority of people carried thei
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By looking at the three different v
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When compared to location, we see t
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The types of crops produced seemed
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primarily for consumption and only
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Lastly, it appeared that the lack o
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7.2.4 Off-farm activitiesIn the stu
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Table 35: Annual income sources by
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and Masugu were quite close to one
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political and social conditions wit
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Total household incomewere engaged
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not being able to tend to own incom
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livelihood strategies into two over
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In terms of income groups, less poo
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shocks and deforestation. Neverthel
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turning to other income sources as
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legal system within the district st
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egulations in place to deal with th
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In this chapter we have gone throug
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outline the project as a whole with
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Through the Rubeho Environmental Ac
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organizations and research agencies
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Key design issues for the issues fo
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al. 2011). A team of 5 permanent st
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this forest protection, however, va
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On this note, another main reason f
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As a final factor to take into cons
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less are also highly dependent on f
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Table 54: The authority viewed as b
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8.2.2.3 Stage two: Assessment and m
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have made for the forest 48 . Final
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When asked about the first option
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8.3. Existing RegimesAs emphasised,
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From the table above there are seve
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REDD+ will succeed in the other are
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project, both in terms of permanenc
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example given previously about anot
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The full participation of district
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mismanagement there would be. It wa
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suffering the most from such a proj
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However, some issues still prevail
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wonder how these experts would valu
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As the basis of which carbon paymen
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ecome explicit and can increase con
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It is also highly obvious that deal
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However, it is a concern as in some
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and sell forest products such as ch
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if Masugu seems to face most challe
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On the basis of the information we
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In terms of Efficiency there are al
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In addition we found that further n
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the case for the poorest people in
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9.2 RecommendationsWhen analyzing t
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ReferencesAbdallah, J. M. and G. G.
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Bryman, A. (2008). Social research
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Forconsult (2010). Modalities of es
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Kooiman, J. (1993). Modern governan
Page 315 and 316:
Nathan, I., J. F. Lund, et al. (200
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Shishira, E. K., P. Z. Yanda, et al
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United Republic of Tanzania (2009).
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World Bank (2009). Tanzania: countr
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iii
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LANDA10. Please indicate the size o
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A21. Does any member of your househ
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HC1. Do you practice fire on your l
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B12. How would you rate your access
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(NB: READ THE MANUAL ON INCOME CARE
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II.STATE FORESTS (FORESTS UNDER STA
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IIb. STATE FORESTS (JOINT FOREST MA
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C24. Do you have any influence on t
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C34. Do you face any difficulties i
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1Very bad 2 Bad 3 Fair 4 Good 5 Ver
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SECTION D: Perceptions, attitudes a
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___________________________________
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1 The compensation will make me equ
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