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suffering the most from such a project. Given their probable lack of capacity andability to take part in many of the activities the chances are very high that they are leftout of the benefit stream. And if these benefits do not reach them but instead onlyadded costs are placed upon them, the effects can be detrimental to this group whichalready is in a severe disadvantaged position.Therefore, as clearly put forward by Ostrom and her design principles for sustainablenatural resource management, not only do collective participation and decisionmakingneed to be in place, but there also needs to be congruence between the effortthat is put into the project with what is gained, and there needs to be in place amanagement authority which is accountable for its actions (Vedeld 2002).Whereas the above mentioned challenges are more of a general nature, and can befound in many development projects, the following challenges we see are moregeared towards REDD+ and the specific challenges which that pose. Overall, asTFCG and MJUMITA have yet to start many of their planned REDD+ activities,much of our evaluation does not come from actual activities which they have carriedout, but rather from information we have gathered through project documents and indepthinterviews with TFCG staff concerned with what they plan to do.On the basis of this available information we will go through what we see as the mainchallenges, more specifically we are concerned with the issue of creating a financialmechanism, of carrying out MRV, of dealing with leakage, and on their ability tocover opportunity costs. The first challenge we will go through is concerned with theplanned financial mechanisms.8.4.4 Financial mechanismsAs part of their first output, and in order to provide direct and equitable incentives tothe communities involved, the project will support the development of a CommunityCarbon Cooperative which will be hosted by and work within the network ofMJUMITA in the future. During the current TFCG/MJUMITA pilot project, variousmodels to achieve the stated “replicable, equitable and cost-effective incentive” willbe developed and tested at the group or community level. This will provide importantlessons learned and experiences which will influence the creation of this “self-259