Becoming America - An Exploration of American Literature from Precolonial to Post-Revolution, 2018a

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BECOMING AMERICA REVOLUTIONARY AND EARLY NATIONAL PERIOD LITERATURE particular member of it; in the same proportion as such a malady is more likely to taint a particular county or district, than an entire State. In the extent and proper structure of the Union, therefore, we behold a republican remedy for the diseases most incident to republican government. And according to the degree of pleasure and pride we feel in being republicans, ought to be our zeal in cherishing the spirit and supporting the character of Federalists. PUBLIUS 3.10.3 Reading and Review Questions 1. In Federalist #1, against what propensities of human nature does a viable constitution need to work, according to Hamilton? Why? 2. Why does Hamilton appeal to an attitude of moderation in regards to establishing the union and constitution? 3. Is Hamilton himself moderate in his views and statements here? Why? 4. In Federalist #10, why does Madison caution against factions, or rival parties, in a government? 5. According to Madison, how can governments avoid factionalism? Why do you think Madison focuses on controlling the eects, versus the causes, of factionalism? 3.11 OLAUDAH EQUIANO (c. 1745–1797) Born in Essaka, Kingdom of Benin (now in Nigeria) to an Igbo tribe elder, Olaudah Equiano (at the age of eleven) and his sister were kidnapped, separated, and sold to slave traders. He was transported across the Atlantic to Barbados. Along with other captured Africans, he was put up for auction. Although he was not purchased there, he was sent to Virginia. He was sold in 1754 to Michael Henry Pascal (d. 1786), a British Royal Navy lieutenant. For the next ten years, Equiano, now called Gustavas Vassa, worked on various ships, including the military warships Roebuck and Namur and did service as Pascal’s valet and by hauling gunpowder during the Seven Years’ War with France. Equiano was sent by Pascal to his sister in Image 3.17 | Oaudah Equiano Artist | Unknown Source | Wikimedia Commons License | Public Domain Page | 524
BECOMING AMERICA REVOLUTIONARY AND EARLY NATIONAL PERIOD LITERATURE England, where Equiano learned to read and write in school. He also converted to Christianity in 1759 and was baptized in St. Margaret’s, Westminster. His godparents, Pascal’s cousins Mary Guerin and Maynard Guerin, later attested to details in Equiano’s autobiography, including his learning English only after coming to England. Pascal sold Equiano to Captain James Doran who transported Equiano to Montserrat. There Equiano was sold to Robert King, an American Quaker. Equiano assisted King in his business ventures and was allowed to engage in trade for his own prot. In 1767, Equiano bought his freedom from King for forty pounds, the amount King paid to purchase Equiano. Even as a freedman, he was almost captured as a “runaway slave” and sent to Georgia. Equiano traveled on scientic expeditions to the Arctic and to Central America as well as on other sailing ventures. He eventually returned to England where he devoted himself to ending the slave trade and the Abolitionist cause. He exposed for examination and condemnation slave atrocities, including the Zong massacre (1781). Because this slave ship ran low on potable water, its crew threw slaves— who were insured as cargo—overboard in order to cash in on the insurance and save water for the rest of the ship’s passengers. In 1789, Equiano published The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano: Or, Gustavus Vassa, the African. Now considered one of the rst major slave autobiographies in English, it became a bestseller, running through nine editions during his lifetime. It gave rsthand details of slaves chained in ships, whipping, starvation, the division of families, and other horrors committed by so-called Christians. It became a forceful weapon in the ght against slavery, leading to the Slave Trade Act of 1807 which ended the African slave trade for Britain and its colonies. It directly inuenced other slave narratives, such as Frederick Douglass’s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl. His narrative is characterized by its vivid imagery, humanity, and commitment to Christianity in the face of almost unbearable cruelty and struggle. 3.11.1 From The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano: Or, Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written by Himself (1789) Chapter I The Author’s account of his country, and their manners and customs— Administration of justice—Embrenché—Marriage ceremony, and public entertainments—Mode of living—Dress—Manufactures—Buildings—Commerce— Agriculture—War and Religion—Superstition of the natives—Funeral ceremonies of the priests or magicians—Curious mode of discovering poison—Some hints concerning the origin of the author’s countrymen, with the opinions of dierent writers on that subject. Page | 525
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B E C O M I N G AMERICA An Explorat
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TABLE OF C ONTENTS PART ONE: PRE- A
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Becoming America - An Exploration of American Literature from Precolonial to Post-Revolution, 2018a

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