Health, Wellness and Tourism: healthy tourists, healthy business ...

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seems that the internal motivations (push factors) of wellbeing tourism are rather same in different parts of world (e.g. relaxation and rejuvenation). There was no possibility to compare the pull factors of this study to other studies as the authors have no knowledge if the pull factors of wellbeing tourism have previously been studied. The literature review showed that there are different motivation batteries and statements used in wellbeing and wellness studies, and many of them are connected to some particular subsector of wellness tourism, are focused on push factors or are formed just for the particular study implemented. It would be important to develop a scale (including push and pull factors) that could be used in international studies and wider in wellness and wellbeing tourism – not just in some subsector. References Backman, K. F., Backman, S. J., Uysal, M. & Sunshine, K.M. (1995). Event tourism: an examination of motivations and activities. Festival Management and Event Tourism, 3 (1), 15-24. Baloglu, S. & Uysal, M. (1996). Market segments of push and pull motivations: a canonical correlation approach. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8 (3), 32-38. Bowen, D. & Clarke, J. (2009). Contemporary Tourist Behaviour – Yourself and Others as Tourists. Wallingford, CABI. Buhalis, D. (2000). Marketing the competitive destination of the future. Tourism Management, 21 (1), 97-116. Chen, J. S. & Prebensen, N. (2009). Wellness as Tourist Motivation: Case of Taiwan. IN Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. J. (Eds.), Wellness and Tourism – Mind, Body, Spirit, Place, 231-238. Innovation and Tourism - Connecting Theory & Practice series. New York, Cognizant Communication Corporation. Chon, K. S. (1989). Understanding recreational travelers’ motivation, attitudes, and satisfaction. The Tourist Review, 44 (1), 3-7. Connell, J. (2006). Medical Tourism: Sea, Sun, Sand and Surgery. Tourism Management, 27 (6), 1093-1100. Cova, B. & Cova, V. (2002). Tribal marketing – The tribalisation of society and its impact on the conduct of marketing. European Journal of Marketing, 36 (5/6), 595-620. Crompton, J. L. (1979). Motivations for pleasure vacation. Annals of Tourism Research, 6 (4), 408-424. Dann, G. M. S. (1981). Tourist motivation: An appraisal. Annals of Tourism Research, 8 (2), 187-219. Erfurt-Cooper, P. & Cooper, M. (2009). Health and Wellness Tourism: Spas and Hot Springs. Bristol, Channel View Publications. Firat, A. F., Dholakia, N. & Venkatesh, A. (1995). Marketing in a postmodern world. European Journal of Marketing, 29 (1), 40-56. Firat, A. F. & Shultz, J. C. (1997). From segmentation to fragmentation. Markets and marketing strategy in the postmodern era. European Journal of Marketing, 31 (3/4), 183- 207. Hair, J. F., Anderson, R. E., Tatham, R. L. & Black, W. C. (1998). Multivariate Data Analysis. 5 th ed. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, Prentice Hall. ISPA, 2007. 2007 ISPA Global Consumer Report. Available from http://www.experiencespa.com/ISPA/MediaRoom/PressReleases/ISPAs13thAnnualMedi aEvent.htm, accessed 18 February 2008. Kangas, H. & Tuohino, A. (2008). Lake Wellness – Uusi itäsuomalainen innovaatio? Matkailututkimus, 4 (1), 23-41.
Kelly, C. & Smith, M. (2009). Holistic tourism: Integrating Body, Mind, Spirit. IN Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. J. (Eds.), Wellness and Tourism – Mind, Body, Spirit, Place, 69-83. Innovation and Tourism - Connecting Theory & Practice series. New York, Cognizant Communication Corporation. Kim, K., Sun, J. & Mahoney, E. (2008). Roles of motivation and activity factors in predicting satisfaction: Exploring the Korean cultural festival market. Tourism Analysis, 13 (4), 413- 425. Koh, S., Yoo, J.J.-E. & Boger, C.A. (2010). Importance-Performance Analysis with Benefit Segmentation of Spa Goers. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 22 (5). Konu, H. & Laukkanen, T. (2009). Roles of Motivation Factors in Predicting Tourists’ Intentions to Make Wellbeing Holidays – A Finnish Case. ANZMAC 2009 conference proceedings. Available at: http://www.duplication.net.au/ANZMAC09/papers/ANZMAC2009-376.pdf Konu, H., Tuohino, A. & Komppula, R. (2010). Lake Wellness – a new concept in tourism development in Eastern Finland. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 16 (2), 125-139. Laing, J. & Weiler, B. (2008). Mind, Body and Spirit: Health and Wellness Tourism in Asia. IN J. Cochrane (Ed.), Asian Tourism: Growth and Change, 379-389. Amsterdam, Elsevier. Lam, T. & Hsu, C. H. C. (2006). Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a travel destination. Tourism Management, 27 (4), 589-599. Lehto, X. Y., Brown, S., Chen, Y. & Morrison, A.M. (2006). Yoga tourism as a niche within the wellness tourism market. Tourism Recreation Research, 31 (1), 5-14. Mak, A. H. N., Wong, K. K. F. & Chang, R. C. Y. (2009). Health or Self-indulgence? The Motivations and Characteristics of Spa-goers. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11 (2), 185-199. Müller, H. & Lanz Kaufmann, E. (2001). Wellness Tourism: Market analysis of a special health tourism segment and implications for the hotel industry. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7 (1), 5-17. Nowacki, M. M. (2009). Quality of Visitor Attractions, Satisfaction, Benefits and Behavioural Intentions of visitors: Verification of a Model. International Journal of Tourism Research, 11 (3), 297-309. Park, D.-B. & Yoon, Y.-S. (2009). Segmentation by motivation in rural tourism: A Korean case study. Tourism Management, 30 (1), 99-108. Pearce, P. L. (2005). Tourist Behaviour: Themes and Conceptual Schemes, Clevedon, Channel View. Pearce, P. L. & Lee, U. (2005). Developing the travel career approach to tourist motivation. Journal of Travel Research, 43 (3), 226-237. Pechlaner, H. & Fischer, E. (2006). Alpine wellness: a resource-based view. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(1), 67–77. Sheldon, P. J. & Bushell, R. (2009). Introduction to Wellness and Tourism. IN Bushell, R. & Sheldon, P. J. (Eds.), Wellness and Tourism – Mind, Body, Spirit, Place, 3-18. Innovation and Tourism - Connecting Theory & Practice series. New York, Cognizant Communication Corporation. Smith, M. & Puczkó, L. (2009). Health and Wellness Tourism, Oxford, Butterworth Heinemann. Uysal, M. & Jurowski, C. (1993). An empirical testing of the push and pull factors of tourist motivations. Annals of Tourism Research, 21 (4), 844-846.
Page 1 and 2:
Health, Wellness and Tourism: healt
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Acknowledgements TTRA Europe would
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Kai Illing, Professor, Joanneum, Au
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ELISABETH IXMEIER Elisabeth Ixmeier
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Health and Spa Tourism Business: To
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Literature Review Health and Spa To
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Yoon & Uysal (2005) stated that pus
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Push factors Internal motives - phy
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Respondents were the international
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Perceptions, learning and attitudes
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Table 2 Themes of Motivation Factor
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elaxation as this is generally the
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Oh, H. C., Uysal, M. and Weaver, P.
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According to Ajzen, “persuasive c
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Behavioural Control: Workload Lack
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A Case Study of Innovative Wellness
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RP Care is an innovative modular ex
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The introduction of its modular bus
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UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF LEISURE
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development but, three years later,
Page 41 and 42:
Hamer, D., & Connor, B. (2004).Trav
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URBAN ZEN - AND HOW TO EXPLORE THIS
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Health Tourism - The SPA Goers in P
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Whether we opt for more realistic s
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focused on the paradigm of wellness
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immediately followed by specific ho
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particular reference must be made o
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Tabbachi, M. (2008), “American an
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tourism is a lucrative activity for
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Functional value Functional value i
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“Before my operation, I did exten
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The table below recapitulates the m
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Herrick, D. M. (2007). Medical tour
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Cosmeceuticals in wellness tourism
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will replace chemical materials; ad
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Issues in Co-branding and Co-creati
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producers of the cosmecuticals to a
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Lee, C. L. & Decker, R. (2008). A s
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scheme, although this theoretically
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study identifying the motivation of
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highlighted by Folland et al (2001)
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ackgrounds is expected to accomplis
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Understanding mature traveller’s
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attention to the mature travellers
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Table 1 Travellers’ demographic p
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• To distinguish spring and spa t
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Budapest’s thermal spas on screen
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Budapest as film location The power
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Usually viewers attach an icon to t
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In the second part of the questionn
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Riley R. & Van Doren C. (1992) Movi
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health as “a state of complete ph
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how much exercise they get. Two-thi
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arts, comedy clubs and festivals) w
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The use of the internet in wellness
Page 111 and 112: The main characteristics of Portugu
Page 113 and 114: 29 Termas de Unhais da Serra 30 Ter
Page 115 and 116: ongoing consumer and industry resea
Page 117 and 118: Name Table 2. Spa websites analysed
Page 119 and 120: more than a handful of links were o
Page 121 and 122: Health Spa and Wellness - Competiti
Page 123 and 124: The Czech Republic is rich in spas
Page 125 and 126: Foreign Exchange Receipts and Expen
Page 127 and 128: the total fertility exceeded the va
Page 129 and 130: 1. Waters - the internal and extern
Page 131 and 132: • N - Postoperative and posttraum
Page 133 and 134: Foreign guests at accommodation fac
Page 135 and 136: Table 6 shows the number of guests
Page 137 and 138: M. Zuckerman defines wellness as pr
Page 139 and 140: Today´s health spa hotels are most
Page 141 and 142: without spa facilities and service
Page 143 and 144: Ten Spa Domains. Downloaded from: h
Page 145 and 146: customer is value, which at each gi
Page 147 and 148: experiences that renew the spirit.
Page 149 and 150: eigenvalue 3.668, function 2 explai
Page 151 and 152: The results of this study support t
Page 153 and 154: Smith M, & Puczko´ L (2009). Healt
Page 155 and 156: and Bushell (2009, 11) have defined
Page 157 and 158: listed reasons in more general leve
Page 159 and 160: One 54 (13.3) Yes 180 (44.3) 2-4 21
Page 161: Discussions and Conclusions The aim
Page 165 and 166: While wellness tourism in Australia
Page 167 and 168: Cairns, which has been suffering fr
Page 169 and 170: significantly from there, so if the
Page 171 and 172: Other factors raised by participant
Page 173 and 174: Connell, J. (2006b). Medical touris
Page 175 and 176: The Impact of a Festive Event on Re
Page 177 and 178: The mission of the World Acadian Co
Page 179 and 180: Table 1 Positive social impacts of
Page 181 and 182: The Acadians’ quest for pride and
Page 183 and 184: Ap, J., & Crompton, J. (1998). Deve
Page 185 and 186: and other characteristics of the ho
Page 187 and 188: Figure 1). Many of the hotels take
Page 189 and 190: Target groups As shown in Figure 2,
Page 191 and 192: to have an influence on these corre
Page 193 and 194: Purification 11 Application of alte
Page 195 and 196: Mueller H. and Lanz-Kaufmann E. (20
Page 197 and 198: The term multidimensional scaling (
Page 199 and 200: Figure 3 shows the split of bednigh
Page 201 and 202: Note: Objects: 32. Proximities: 496
Page 203 and 204: Group one account for 37% of the va
Page 205 and 206: Measurement of Tourism-oriented Asp
Page 207 and 208: Social indicator systems Social ind
Page 209 and 210: 1999/2000, Table 1. presents the me
Page 211 and 212: However, according to Table 1, it a
Page 213 and 214:
Since the TSTAR database does not h
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the hundred happiest settlements re
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Managing Cost, Revenue and Yield in
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Method: A Case Study Approach The a
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methodologies, and educational trav
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and times the data was collected, F
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SALA RIES AN D W AGES 18.17% PROFES
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Table 11 Treatment and revenue rate
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Measurement of the Economic Impacts
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o The macro and micro environment r
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Employment impacts During our analy
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• The examined wellness hotels we
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Total number of available beds (acc
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• Our analysis showed that new jo
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City of Budapest is seen as a touri
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of the area will also grow by marke
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of the case studies will be present
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The water is radio-active and conta
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Conclusions In our changing environ
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no exception. Already, patients are
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Data regarding levels of training o
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Figure 2 - Graph showing price will
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Table 13 - Typical hospital costs f
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that people willing to pay slightly
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Continue follow-up care in the UK F
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HEALTH TOURISM IN IZMIR: POTENTIAL,
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• Service provided within the ins
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Table 2 - SWOT Analysis of Health T
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16. Increasing interest in alternat
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APPENDIX 1 Interview Questions 1. M
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point of view it means wholeness as
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Men Women International Playboy, Me
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elderly wanted to look like, to act
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Table 4. The number of experienced
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emains an open question when the sh
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Most important criteria when bookin
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The study investigates the performa
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The survey was distributed to 400 u
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Conclusions and Discussion In this
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A Comparative Analysis of Spa Touri
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year-long Ottoman occupation: the T
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although unintentionally, represent
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separated and I don't like being st
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Creighton, M. (1997): Consuming Rur
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Does tourism really contribute to o
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Africa (mainly Cape Verde, Angola a
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The theoretical significance of und
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Veenhoven (2005:61) “quality-of-l
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Brunt and Courtney (1999). Brunt, P
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Expectations of Health Tourists in
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40%). Only those guests were includ
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accommodation, meals and health off
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Exploring The Relationship Between
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proposed at 1975 by Cskiszentmihaly
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Table 1 Participant information ana
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Table 3 Well-being analysis result
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Csikszentmihalyi, M.,(1990), Flow:
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evident in Ancient Greece and Rome.
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Resort spas - Sometimes called ‘a
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analytic model has several methodol
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From this survey, we selected sever
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Gulliver in the land of giants? The
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emergency cases. As the commonly kn
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Figure 1. The main factors of quali
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Surgical medical touristic market T
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• Seamless services: The professi
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of price-advantage segment. Due to
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Appendix 1. The characteristics of
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Appendix 2. The characteristics of
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Introduction Arguments for the need
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The DOSTWELL Wellness Quality Seal
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The statistics obtained from the su
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Table 1 Sample of the Classificatio
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Goebel, G., Kapfensteiner, C., Wenz
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interest activity and health and we
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performance calls for a unity of wi
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Table 2 - Learning Commitment Analy
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higher the tourists satisfaction in
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supporting factors and resources, d
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Sustainable Wellness Tourism Destin
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In tourism marketing Savonlinna has
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The role and actions of Savonlinna
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Haaga-Helia (2010). DP in Experienc
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Hall, M. (2003) Spa and Health Tour
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excellent capabilities. Despite of
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Australian Wellness Tourism Provide
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thrills and excitement which someti
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The actual responses were compared
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therapies such as Feldenkrais, acup
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Table 2: Average Number of Employee
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As expected, Day Spas and Beauty Sp
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Snoj & Mumel, 2002). Furthermore, r
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Cooper, C. P., Fletcher, J., Noble,
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The Exploration of the Perceived Tr
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The key question in market segmenta
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significantly from each other. Ther
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Table 3 Cross-table of Background o
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4. Travel benefit perception reflec
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http://www.oxfordreference.com/view
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summary or as a commonly accepted b
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Third, these proxy prototypes were
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Table 2 Main travel purpose of the
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Table 4 Non-response shares for des
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Figure 1 Image positions of five As
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Figure 2 Image positions of five Eu
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piecemeal hypothesis and an undiffe
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Taasci, A.D.A. and Kozak, M. (2006)
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Among the economic factors determin
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The demographic profile of the dent
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The main part of the tourists’ ex
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Interview II was with the Chief Den
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anchor point of the dental tourism
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The country itself could profit muc
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Appendix
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