Health, Wellness and Tourism: healthy tourists, healthy business ...

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The Impact of Tourism on Community Wellbeing and Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study Margaret Deery Centre for Tourism and Services Research Faculty of Business and Law, Victoria University and PO Box 14428, Melbourne City, Victoria, Australia 8001 Tel: (613) 9919 4626 Marg.deery@vu.edu.au Leo Jago Centre for Tourism and Services Research, Victoria University, Faculty of Business and Law PO Box 14428, Melbourne City, Victoria, Australia 8001 Tel: (613) 9919 1541 The Impact of Tourism on Community Wellbeing and Quality of Life: A Longitudinal Study Introduction Over the last few decades, substantial research has been undertaken examining the social impacts of tourism on communities (see for example Sharma, Dyer, Carter and Gursoy, 2008; Easterling, 2004) with the focus, often, on the level of support residents have for tourism development. While these studies are extremely useful for tourism planners and policy makers, they provide less information for those concerned about the wellbeing of the community and the individuals that comprise communities. Some studies have, in fact, examined the impact of tourism on the community and residents’ quality of life (QOL), beginning with the early work by Milman and Pizam (1988) and Perdue, Long and Allen (1990). More recent work by Tovar and Lockwood (2008), Andereck, Valentine, Knopf and Vogt (2005) and Jago, Fredline and Deery (2006) have focussed on the specific tourism impacts that either enhance or detract from the quality of residents’ lives. Much of this research, however, is a ‘point in time’ examination of the social impacts with little or no understanding of how perceptions of these impacts change over time. Although studies such as that by Huh and Vogt (2007) and Getz’s (1994) study of residents’ perceptions in the Spey Valley of Scotland have provided some insights into the changes that may occur over time, few other studies have added to this area. This current study aims to address the paucity of studies on the impacts of tourism on residents’ quality of life over time. Method This paper examines the impact of tourism on the QOL of residents and the community as a whole and it does so at two points in time, 2005 and 2008, using the same 3 questionnaire and in the same location. Data were collected from host residents using a survey method based on the instrument developed by Fredline (2002) and Fredline, Deery and Jago (2005). The sample sizes were 420 in 2005 and 317 in 2008. Findings The findings show that, at the personal level, perceptions of the impacts of the benefits of tourism had deteriorated over time and it is through the examination of the specific impacts that a partial answer as to why this would occur can be found. Between 2005 and 2008, respondents were statistically less positive about having more interesting things to do, that tourism provided economic benefits and that tourism enhances pride in the town and an opportunity to showcase the region. When examining the comments from respondents, there were comments in 2008, not elicited in 2005, that tourism was spoiling the area and that it was bringing unwanted activities to the region. In 2005, the comments focused on rampant
development but, three years later, there were substantial comments regarding the need for sustainable tourism, that ‘Tourism growth should stop’. The study examines the ramifications of these findings on the community’s QoL and provides recommendations for enhancing and managing the wellbeing of the community. References Andereck, K.L., Valentine, K.M., Knopf, R.C. & Vogt, C.A. (2005). Residents’ perceptions of community tourism impacts. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(4), 1056–1076. Easterling, D. (2004). The Residents’ Perspective in Tourism Research: A Review and Synthesis. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 17(4), 45-62. Fredline L. (2002). Host Community Perceptions of the Impacts of Tourism on the Gold Coast. CRC for Sustainable Tourism: Gold Coast. 4 Fredline, L. Deery, M. & Jago, L. (2005). Social Impacts of Tourism on Communities. CRC for Sustainable Tourism: Gold Coast Getz, D. (1994). “Residents’ Attitudes towards Tourism: A Longitudinal Study in Spey Valley, Scotland.” Tourism Management, 15 (4): 247–58 Huh, C. & Vogt, C.A. (2008). Changes in Residents' Attitudes toward Tourism over Time: A Cohort Analytical Approach. Journal of Travel Research, 46 (4), 446-455. Jago, L., Fredline, L. & Deery, M. (2006). Tourism in small communities: Risk and benefits. Tourism Review International, 10(1-2), 91-101. Milman, A. & Pizam, A. (1988). Social impacts of tourism on Central Florida. Annals of Tourism Research, 15, 191-204. Perdue, R.R., Long, P.T., & Allen, L. (1990). Resident Support for Tourism Development, Annals of Tourism Research, 17(4), 586-599. Sharma, B., Dyer, P., Carter , J. & Gursoy, D. (2008). Exploring residents' perceptions of the social impacts of tourism on the Sunshine Coast, Australia. International Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Administration, 9(3), 288-311 Tovar, C. & Lockwood, M. (2008). Social Impacts of Tourism: An Australian Regional Case Study. International Journal of Tourism Research, 10, 365-378.
Page 1 and 2: Health, Wellness and Tourism: healt
Page 3 and 4: Acknowledgements TTRA Europe would
Page 5 and 6: Kai Illing, Professor, Joanneum, Au
Page 7 and 8: ELISABETH IXMEIER Elisabeth Ixmeier
Page 9 and 10: Health and Spa Tourism Business: To
Page 11 and 12: Literature Review Health and Spa To
Page 13 and 14: Yoon & Uysal (2005) stated that pus
Page 15 and 16: Push factors Internal motives - phy
Page 17 and 18: Respondents were the international
Page 19 and 20: Perceptions, learning and attitudes
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Themes of Motivation Factor
Page 23 and 24: elaxation as this is generally the
Page 25 and 26: Oh, H. C., Uysal, M. and Weaver, P.
Page 27 and 28: According to Ajzen, “persuasive c
Page 29 and 30: Behavioural Control: Workload Lack
Page 31 and 32: A Case Study of Innovative Wellness
Page 33 and 34: RP Care is an innovative modular ex
Page 35 and 36: The introduction of its modular bus
Page 37: UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF LEISURE
Page 41 and 42: Hamer, D., & Connor, B. (2004).Trav
Page 43 and 44: URBAN ZEN - AND HOW TO EXPLORE THIS
Page 45 and 46: Health Tourism - The SPA Goers in P
Page 47 and 48: Whether we opt for more realistic s
Page 49 and 50: focused on the paradigm of wellness
Page 51 and 52: immediately followed by specific ho
Page 53 and 54: particular reference must be made o
Page 55 and 56: Tabbachi, M. (2008), “American an
Page 57 and 58: tourism is a lucrative activity for
Page 59 and 60: Functional value Functional value i
Page 61 and 62: “Before my operation, I did exten
Page 63 and 64: The table below recapitulates the m
Page 65 and 66: Herrick, D. M. (2007). Medical tour
Page 67 and 68: Cosmeceuticals in wellness tourism
Page 69 and 70: will replace chemical materials; ad
Page 71 and 72: Issues in Co-branding and Co-creati
Page 73 and 74: producers of the cosmecuticals to a
Page 75 and 76: Lee, C. L. & Decker, R. (2008). A s
Page 77 and 78: scheme, although this theoretically
Page 79 and 80: study identifying the motivation of
Page 81 and 82: highlighted by Folland et al (2001)
Page 83 and 84: ackgrounds is expected to accomplis
Page 85 and 86: Understanding mature traveller’s
Page 87 and 88: attention to the mature travellers
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Table 1 Travellers’ demographic p
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• To distinguish spring and spa t
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Budapest’s thermal spas on screen
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Budapest as film location The power
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Usually viewers attach an icon to t
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In the second part of the questionn
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Riley R. & Van Doren C. (1992) Movi
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health as “a state of complete ph
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how much exercise they get. Two-thi
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arts, comedy clubs and festivals) w
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The use of the internet in wellness
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The main characteristics of Portugu
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29 Termas de Unhais da Serra 30 Ter
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ongoing consumer and industry resea
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Name Table 2. Spa websites analysed
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more than a handful of links were o
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Health Spa and Wellness - Competiti
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The Czech Republic is rich in spas
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Foreign Exchange Receipts and Expen
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the total fertility exceeded the va
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1. Waters - the internal and extern
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• N - Postoperative and posttraum
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Foreign guests at accommodation fac
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Table 6 shows the number of guests
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M. Zuckerman defines wellness as pr
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Today´s health spa hotels are most
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without spa facilities and service
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Ten Spa Domains. Downloaded from: h
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customer is value, which at each gi
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experiences that renew the spirit.
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eigenvalue 3.668, function 2 explai
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The results of this study support t
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Smith M, & Puczko´ L (2009). Healt
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and Bushell (2009, 11) have defined
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listed reasons in more general leve
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One 54 (13.3) Yes 180 (44.3) 2-4 21
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Discussions and Conclusions The aim
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Kelly, C. & Smith, M. (2009). Holis
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While wellness tourism in Australia
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Cairns, which has been suffering fr
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significantly from there, so if the
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Other factors raised by participant
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Connell, J. (2006b). Medical touris
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The Impact of a Festive Event on Re
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The mission of the World Acadian Co
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Table 1 Positive social impacts of
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The Acadians’ quest for pride and
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Ap, J., & Crompton, J. (1998). Deve
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and other characteristics of the ho
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Figure 1). Many of the hotels take
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Target groups As shown in Figure 2,
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to have an influence on these corre
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Purification 11 Application of alte
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Mueller H. and Lanz-Kaufmann E. (20
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The term multidimensional scaling (
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Figure 3 shows the split of bednigh
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Note: Objects: 32. Proximities: 496
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Group one account for 37% of the va
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Measurement of Tourism-oriented Asp
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Social indicator systems Social ind
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1999/2000, Table 1. presents the me
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However, according to Table 1, it a
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Since the TSTAR database does not h
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the hundred happiest settlements re
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Managing Cost, Revenue and Yield in
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Method: A Case Study Approach The a
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methodologies, and educational trav
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and times the data was collected, F
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SALA RIES AN D W AGES 18.17% PROFES
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Table 11 Treatment and revenue rate
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Measurement of the Economic Impacts
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o The macro and micro environment r
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Employment impacts During our analy
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• The examined wellness hotels we
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Total number of available beds (acc
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• Our analysis showed that new jo
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City of Budapest is seen as a touri
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of the area will also grow by marke
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of the case studies will be present
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The water is radio-active and conta
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Conclusions In our changing environ
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no exception. Already, patients are
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Data regarding levels of training o
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Figure 2 - Graph showing price will
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Table 13 - Typical hospital costs f
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that people willing to pay slightly
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Continue follow-up care in the UK F
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HEALTH TOURISM IN IZMIR: POTENTIAL,
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• Service provided within the ins
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Table 2 - SWOT Analysis of Health T
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16. Increasing interest in alternat
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APPENDIX 1 Interview Questions 1. M
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point of view it means wholeness as
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Men Women International Playboy, Me
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elderly wanted to look like, to act
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Table 4. The number of experienced
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emains an open question when the sh
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Most important criteria when bookin
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The study investigates the performa
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The survey was distributed to 400 u
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Conclusions and Discussion In this
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A Comparative Analysis of Spa Touri
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year-long Ottoman occupation: the T
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although unintentionally, represent
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separated and I don't like being st
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Creighton, M. (1997): Consuming Rur
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Does tourism really contribute to o
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Africa (mainly Cape Verde, Angola a
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The theoretical significance of und
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Veenhoven (2005:61) “quality-of-l
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Brunt and Courtney (1999). Brunt, P
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Expectations of Health Tourists in
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40%). Only those guests were includ
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accommodation, meals and health off
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Exploring The Relationship Between
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proposed at 1975 by Cskiszentmihaly
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Table 1 Participant information ana
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Table 3 Well-being analysis result
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Csikszentmihalyi, M.,(1990), Flow:
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evident in Ancient Greece and Rome.
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Resort spas - Sometimes called ‘a
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analytic model has several methodol
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From this survey, we selected sever
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Gulliver in the land of giants? The
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emergency cases. As the commonly kn
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Figure 1. The main factors of quali
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Surgical medical touristic market T
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• Seamless services: The professi
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of price-advantage segment. Due to
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Appendix 1. The characteristics of
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Appendix 2. The characteristics of
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Introduction Arguments for the need
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The DOSTWELL Wellness Quality Seal
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The statistics obtained from the su
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Table 1 Sample of the Classificatio
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Goebel, G., Kapfensteiner, C., Wenz
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interest activity and health and we
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performance calls for a unity of wi
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Table 2 - Learning Commitment Analy
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higher the tourists satisfaction in
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supporting factors and resources, d
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Sustainable Wellness Tourism Destin
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In tourism marketing Savonlinna has
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The role and actions of Savonlinna
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Haaga-Helia (2010). DP in Experienc
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Hall, M. (2003) Spa and Health Tour
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excellent capabilities. Despite of
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Australian Wellness Tourism Provide
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thrills and excitement which someti
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The actual responses were compared
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therapies such as Feldenkrais, acup
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Table 2: Average Number of Employee
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As expected, Day Spas and Beauty Sp
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Snoj & Mumel, 2002). Furthermore, r
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Cooper, C. P., Fletcher, J., Noble,
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The Exploration of the Perceived Tr
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The key question in market segmenta
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significantly from each other. Ther
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Table 3 Cross-table of Background o
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4. Travel benefit perception reflec
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http://www.oxfordreference.com/view
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summary or as a commonly accepted b
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Third, these proxy prototypes were
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Table 2 Main travel purpose of the
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Table 4 Non-response shares for des
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Figure 1 Image positions of five As
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Figure 2 Image positions of five Eu
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piecemeal hypothesis and an undiffe
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Taasci, A.D.A. and Kozak, M. (2006)
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Among the economic factors determin
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The demographic profile of the dent
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The main part of the tourists’ ex
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Interview II was with the Chief Den
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anchor point of the dental tourism
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The country itself could profit muc
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Appendix
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