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national and state DMOs, it could potentially become highly appealing to international tourists. Some international tourists with an interest in Eastern spirituality might feel anxious or unsafe about travelling to Asian countries, or might be concerned about language barriers. Therefore, they may perceive Australia as a more appealing destination for visiting Spiritual Retreats. In conclusion it can be argued that despite the lack of cultural heritage in wellness tourism and some ethical difficulties inherent in the integration of Indigenous elements into this offering, Australia offers an extensive range of wellness services catering to tourists who feel the need to maintain or promote their health and well-being. Not only are there three distinct types of wellness tourism providers offering distinctly different clusters of wellness services and facilities, but Australian wellness tourism providers also seem to successfully blend American, traditional European and Asian influences, thus creating a unique fusion of attractive choices for wellness tourists. This, in combination with the general image of Australians as relaxed, friendly, laid-back and outdoorsy as well as pleasant climatic conditions which foster active, healthy lifestyles, provide an opportunity for positioning Australia as a wellness tourism destination. While it is unlikely that international tourists would be solely drawn to Australia because of its wellness tourism industry – with the possible exception of the distinctive nature of Spiritual Retreats – wellness tourism offerings may present an appealing add-on that is in keeping with the general branding of Australia. Future research is needed that would serve as a validation of the proposed wellness tourism typology outside the Australian context. More research is also needed to further explore Lifestyle Resorts and Spiritual Retreats as well as the types of tourists who visit these places. As previously mentioned, existing research tended to predominantly focus on spa tourists or spa providers. In addition, this study only included the three core types of wellness tourism providers without focusing on ‘medical wellness’ providers such as Therapeutic Recreation Retreats or Medispas in its national census. More research should therefore explore these ‘blends’ of wellness and medical tourism. Acknowledgements The Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre (STCRC), established and supported under the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centres Program, funded this research. The authors also thank all the participating organisations and interviewees for their contribution as well as the other researchers who contributed to the wider study: Professor Graham Brown, Dr Gary Howat, Mr Richard Trembath, Professor Betty Weiler, and Dr Meredith Wray. References Bennett, M., King, B., & Milner, L. (2004). The Health Resort Sector in Australia: A Positioning Study. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 10(2), 122-137. Bookman, M. Z., & Bookman, K. R. (2007). Medical Tourism in Developing Countries New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Brown, S. (2005). Travelling with a Purpose: Understanding the Motives and Benefits of Volunteer Vacationers. Current Issues in Tourism, 8(6), 479-496. Clark, T. (2008). Good Night and God Bless: A Guide to Convent and Monastery Accommodation in Europe: Austria, Czech Republic, Italy. New York: Hidden Spring Books.
Cooper, C. P., Fletcher, J., Noble, A., & Westlake, J. N. (1992). Changing Tourism Demand in Central Europe: The Case of Romanian Tourist Spas. The Journal of Tourism Studies, 6(2), 30-44. Douglas, D. E. (2007). Is Medical Tourism the Answer? Frontiers of Health Services Management, 24(2), 35-40. Hall, M. (2003). Spa and Health Tourism. In S. Hudson (Ed.), Sport and Adventure Tourism (pp. 273-287). New York: Haworth Hospitality Press. Inside Story. (2007). Understanding Wellbeing Tourism: Market Research Findings. Sydney: Tourism Australia. Intelligent Spas. (2006). Spa Industry Profile Australia 2002-2007. Singapore: Author. Intelligent Spas. (2008). Spa Industry Intelligence Newsletter: Regional Comparison of Key Spa Benchmarks [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 05/08/08, from http://www.intelligentspas.com/newsletter/Newsletter_I230807M.asp Intelligent Spas. (2009). Spa Industry Intelligence Newsletter: Australia Spa Benchmark Report [Electronic Version]. Retrieved 13/10/09, from http://www.intelligentspas.com/newsletter/Newsletter_I28091130M.asp Lambert, S. (2008). Australia's Great Thermal Way. Westminster, WA: Australia's Great Thermal Way. Lanz Kaufmann, E. (2002). Wellness-Tourismus: Entscheidungsgrundlagen für Investitionen und Qualitätsverbesserungen. Bern: Forschungsinstitut für Freizeit und Tourismus. Letho, X. Y., Brown, S., Chen, Y., & Morrison, A. M. (2006). Yoga Tourism as a Niche Within the Wellness Tourism Market. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(1), 25-35. McNeil, K., & Ragins, E. J. (2004). Staying in the Spa Marketing Game: Trends, Challenges, Strategies and Techniques. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 11(1), 31-39. Minghetti, V., & Furlan, M. C. (2006). From Medical Holidays To Global Wellness Experiences: The New Age of Health Tourism. In K. Weiermair, H. Pechlaner & T. Bieger (Eds.), Time Shift, Leisure and Tourism. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. Monteson, P. A., & Singer, J. (2002). Planning and Operating a Resort-Based Spa. Journal of Leisure Property, 2(4), 358-368. Müller, H., & Lanz Kaufmann, E. (2001). Wellness Tourism: Market Analysis of a Special Health Tourist Segment and Implications for the Hotel Industry. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(1), 5-17. Nahrstedt, W. (2004). Wellness: A New Perspective for Leisure Centers, Health Tourism, and Spas in Europe on the Global Health Market. In K. Weiermair & C. Mathies (Eds.), The Tourism and Leisure Industry: Shaping the Future (pp. 181-198). New York: Haworth Hospitality Press. O'Gorman, K. D. (2007). Monastic Hospitality: The Enduring Legacy. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Association of Social Anthropologists of the UK and the Commonwealth. Pollock, A., & Williams, P. (2000). Health Tourism Trends: Closing the Gap between Health Care and Tourism. In D. W. Lime & W. C. Gartner (Eds.), Trends in Outdoor Recreation, Leisure and Tourism (Vol. 165-173). New York: CABI Pub. Puczkó, L., & Bacharov, M. (2006). Spa, Bath, Thermae: What's Behind the Labels. Tourism Recreation Research, 31(1), 83-91. Ring, I., & Brown, N. (2003). The Health Status of Indigenous Peoples and Others. British Medical Journal, 327, 404-405. Roy Morgan Research. (2009). Health and Wellness Tourism. Unpublished report. Shackley, M. (2004). Accommodating the Spiritual Tourist: The Case of Religious Retreat Houses. In R. Thomas (Ed.), Small Firms in Tourism: International Perspectives (pp. 225-237). Oxford: Elsevier.
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Health, Wellness and Tourism: healt
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Acknowledgements TTRA Europe would
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Kai Illing, Professor, Joanneum, Au
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ELISABETH IXMEIER Elisabeth Ixmeier
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Health and Spa Tourism Business: To
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Literature Review Health and Spa To
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Yoon & Uysal (2005) stated that pus
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Push factors Internal motives - phy
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Respondents were the international
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Perceptions, learning and attitudes
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Table 2 Themes of Motivation Factor
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elaxation as this is generally the
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Oh, H. C., Uysal, M. and Weaver, P.
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According to Ajzen, “persuasive c
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Behavioural Control: Workload Lack
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A Case Study of Innovative Wellness
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RP Care is an innovative modular ex
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The introduction of its modular bus
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UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF LEISURE
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development but, three years later,
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Hamer, D., & Connor, B. (2004).Trav
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URBAN ZEN - AND HOW TO EXPLORE THIS
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Health Tourism - The SPA Goers in P
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Whether we opt for more realistic s
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focused on the paradigm of wellness
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immediately followed by specific ho
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particular reference must be made o
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Tabbachi, M. (2008), “American an
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tourism is a lucrative activity for
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Functional value Functional value i
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“Before my operation, I did exten
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The table below recapitulates the m
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Herrick, D. M. (2007). Medical tour
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Cosmeceuticals in wellness tourism
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will replace chemical materials; ad
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Issues in Co-branding and Co-creati
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producers of the cosmecuticals to a
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Lee, C. L. & Decker, R. (2008). A s
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scheme, although this theoretically
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study identifying the motivation of
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highlighted by Folland et al (2001)
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ackgrounds is expected to accomplis
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Understanding mature traveller’s
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attention to the mature travellers
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Table 1 Travellers’ demographic p
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• To distinguish spring and spa t
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Budapest’s thermal spas on screen
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Budapest as film location The power
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Usually viewers attach an icon to t
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In the second part of the questionn
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Riley R. & Van Doren C. (1992) Movi
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health as “a state of complete ph
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how much exercise they get. Two-thi
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arts, comedy clubs and festivals) w
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The use of the internet in wellness
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The main characteristics of Portugu
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29 Termas de Unhais da Serra 30 Ter
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ongoing consumer and industry resea
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Name Table 2. Spa websites analysed
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more than a handful of links were o
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Health Spa and Wellness - Competiti
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The Czech Republic is rich in spas
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Foreign Exchange Receipts and Expen
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the total fertility exceeded the va
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1. Waters - the internal and extern
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• N - Postoperative and posttraum
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Foreign guests at accommodation fac
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Table 6 shows the number of guests
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M. Zuckerman defines wellness as pr
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Today´s health spa hotels are most
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without spa facilities and service
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Ten Spa Domains. Downloaded from: h
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customer is value, which at each gi
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experiences that renew the spirit.
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eigenvalue 3.668, function 2 explai
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The results of this study support t
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Smith M, & Puczko´ L (2009). Healt
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and Bushell (2009, 11) have defined
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listed reasons in more general leve
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One 54 (13.3) Yes 180 (44.3) 2-4 21
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Discussions and Conclusions The aim
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Kelly, C. & Smith, M. (2009). Holis
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While wellness tourism in Australia
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Cairns, which has been suffering fr
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significantly from there, so if the
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Other factors raised by participant
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Connell, J. (2006b). Medical touris
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The Impact of a Festive Event on Re
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The mission of the World Acadian Co
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Table 1 Positive social impacts of
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The Acadians’ quest for pride and
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Ap, J., & Crompton, J. (1998). Deve
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and other characteristics of the ho
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Figure 1). Many of the hotels take
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Target groups As shown in Figure 2,
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to have an influence on these corre
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Purification 11 Application of alte
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Mueller H. and Lanz-Kaufmann E. (20
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The term multidimensional scaling (
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Figure 3 shows the split of bednigh
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Note: Objects: 32. Proximities: 496
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Group one account for 37% of the va
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Measurement of Tourism-oriented Asp
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Social indicator systems Social ind
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1999/2000, Table 1. presents the me
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However, according to Table 1, it a
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Since the TSTAR database does not h
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the hundred happiest settlements re
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Managing Cost, Revenue and Yield in
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Method: A Case Study Approach The a
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methodologies, and educational trav
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and times the data was collected, F
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SALA RIES AN D W AGES 18.17% PROFES
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Table 11 Treatment and revenue rate
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Measurement of the Economic Impacts
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o The macro and micro environment r
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Employment impacts During our analy
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• The examined wellness hotels we
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Total number of available beds (acc
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• Our analysis showed that new jo
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City of Budapest is seen as a touri
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of the area will also grow by marke
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of the case studies will be present
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The water is radio-active and conta
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Conclusions In our changing environ
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no exception. Already, patients are
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Data regarding levels of training o
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Figure 2 - Graph showing price will
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Table 13 - Typical hospital costs f
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that people willing to pay slightly
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Continue follow-up care in the UK F
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HEALTH TOURISM IN IZMIR: POTENTIAL,
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• Service provided within the ins
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Table 2 - SWOT Analysis of Health T
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16. Increasing interest in alternat
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APPENDIX 1 Interview Questions 1. M
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point of view it means wholeness as
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Men Women International Playboy, Me
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elderly wanted to look like, to act
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Table 4. The number of experienced
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emains an open question when the sh
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Most important criteria when bookin
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The study investigates the performa
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The survey was distributed to 400 u
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Conclusions and Discussion In this
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A Comparative Analysis of Spa Touri
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year-long Ottoman occupation: the T
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although unintentionally, represent
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separated and I don't like being st
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Creighton, M. (1997): Consuming Rur
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Does tourism really contribute to o
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Africa (mainly Cape Verde, Angola a
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The theoretical significance of und
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Veenhoven (2005:61) “quality-of-l
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Brunt and Courtney (1999). Brunt, P
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Expectations of Health Tourists in
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40%). Only those guests were includ
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accommodation, meals and health off
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Exploring The Relationship Between
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proposed at 1975 by Cskiszentmihaly
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Table 1 Participant information ana
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Table 3 Well-being analysis result
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Csikszentmihalyi, M.,(1990), Flow:
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evident in Ancient Greece and Rome.
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Resort spas - Sometimes called ‘a
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analytic model has several methodol
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From this survey, we selected sever
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Gulliver in the land of giants? The
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emergency cases. As the commonly kn
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Figure 1. The main factors of quali
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Surgical medical touristic market T
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• Seamless services: The professi
Page 345 and 346: of price-advantage segment. Due to
Page 347 and 348: Appendix 1. The characteristics of
Page 349 and 350: Appendix 2. The characteristics of
Page 351 and 352: Introduction Arguments for the need
Page 353 and 354: The DOSTWELL Wellness Quality Seal
Page 355 and 356: The statistics obtained from the su
Page 357 and 358: Table 1 Sample of the Classificatio
Page 359 and 360: Goebel, G., Kapfensteiner, C., Wenz
Page 361 and 362: interest activity and health and we
Page 363 and 364: performance calls for a unity of wi
Page 365 and 366: Table 2 - Learning Commitment Analy
Page 367 and 368: higher the tourists satisfaction in
Page 369 and 370: supporting factors and resources, d
Page 371 and 372: Sustainable Wellness Tourism Destin
Page 373 and 374: In tourism marketing Savonlinna has
Page 375 and 376: The role and actions of Savonlinna
Page 377 and 378: Haaga-Helia (2010). DP in Experienc
Page 379 and 380: Hall, M. (2003) Spa and Health Tour
Page 381 and 382: excellent capabilities. Despite of
Page 383 and 384: Australian Wellness Tourism Provide
Page 385 and 386: thrills and excitement which someti
Page 387 and 388: The actual responses were compared
Page 389 and 390: therapies such as Feldenkrais, acup
Page 391 and 392: Table 2: Average Number of Employee
Page 393 and 394: As expected, Day Spas and Beauty Sp
Page 395: Snoj & Mumel, 2002). Furthermore, r
Page 399 and 400: The Exploration of the Perceived Tr
Page 401 and 402: The key question in market segmenta
Page 403 and 404: significantly from each other. Ther
Page 405 and 406: Table 3 Cross-table of Background o
Page 407 and 408: 4. Travel benefit perception reflec
Page 409 and 410: http://www.oxfordreference.com/view
Page 411 and 412: summary or as a commonly accepted b
Page 413 and 414: Third, these proxy prototypes were
Page 415 and 416: Table 2 Main travel purpose of the
Page 417 and 418: Table 4 Non-response shares for des
Page 419 and 420: Figure 1 Image positions of five As
Page 421 and 422: Figure 2 Image positions of five Eu
Page 423 and 424: piecemeal hypothesis and an undiffe
Page 425 and 426: Taasci, A.D.A. and Kozak, M. (2006)
Page 427 and 428: Among the economic factors determin
Page 429 and 430: The demographic profile of the dent
Page 431 and 432: The main part of the tourists’ ex
Page 433 and 434: Interview II was with the Chief Den
Page 435 and 436: anchor point of the dental tourism
Page 437 and 438: The country itself could profit muc
Page 439 and 440: Appendix
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