Health, Wellness and Tourism: healthy tourists, healthy business ...

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distinctiveness and expectations of quality standards. The physical environment of Japan and its richness in geothermal resources determines the local product structure of spa tourism which is similar in character to Hungary, i.e. spa tourism in both countries is based on thermal springs). In addition, the actual economic situation of Japan also affects spending power and consumer behaviour, so it is necessary to use a complex approach when investigating tourist demand and behaviour. When considering the potential appeal of Hungarian spas in the Japanese market, it is important to realise that for Japanese tourists, Hungary is usually not a primary destination, but part of a Central European tour (HNTO 2006). The fact that Japanese spa tourism is also based on thermal waters may be considered both an advantage and a disadvantage: incoming Japanese visitors are familiar with the practice of bathing in hot waters, but Hungarian spas need to provide a unique selling point in order to make a spa visit an unmissable Hungarian tourist experience: e.g. heritage spas with unique history and architecture may be attractive for Japanese customers. In Japan, young single females have a particularly high travel propensity (IBS 2006), and they might be interested in wellness and beauty treatments in Hungary, but, as suggested by the interviews with Asian young female backpackers during the field study, they may also be shy to enjoy a mixed bathing environment. Senior Japanese citizens also have an increasing travel propensity, and they may appreciate the health benefits provided by the Hungarian spas, although the necessary length of stay for medical cures would be much longer than the current average length of stay of Japanese tourists in Hungary (HNTO 2006). Medical onsen therapies are not particularly well established in Japan at the moment, and senior travellers may be rather concerned about foreign customs and behaviour. Consequently, although there is a positive attitude to and interest in Hungarian spas in the Japanese market, Hungary’s most important attractions are culture- and heritage based at the moment, and it would require significant product development and marketing efforts to position Hungary as a major spa and health tourism destination among Japanese tourists. Acknowledgements The survey forming the basis of this study was supported by the OTKA (K67573) References Altman, D. (2008): A Relaxing Tradition Dips a Toe in the 21 st Century. The New York Times, 20 January 2008, http://travel.nytimes.com/ (last accessed 07.04.2008) Aquaprofit (2007): Országos egészségturizmus fejlesztési stratégia. Aquaprofit Műszaki, Tanácsadási és Befektetési Rt., Budapest, http://www.wellness.itthon.hu/documents/egeszsegturizmus_strategia_070716_tEM.pdf (last accessed 05.04.2010) Aspalter, C. (2007): The Asian Cure for Health Care. Far Eastern Economic Review 170(9):56-59 Baláz, V. and Mitsutake, M. (1998): Japanese Tourists in Transition Countries of Central Europe: Present Behaviour and Future Trends. Tourism Management 19(5):433-443. Boldizsár, T. (1973): Positive Heat Flow Anomaly in the Carpathian Basin. Geothermics 2(2):61-67. Chartrungruang, B. and Mitsutake, M. (2007): A Study on the Promotion of Tourism between Japan and Thailand: Travel Images of Japan and its Hot springs Sites in the Viewpoints of Thai Tourists. Paper presented at the CAUTHE 2007 Conference, Sydney, Australia.
Creighton, M. (1997): Consuming Rural Japan: The Marketing of Tradition and Nostalgia in the Japanese Travel Industry. Ethnology 36(3):239-254. Ellis, J. (2004): Onsen Obsession. Far Eastern Economic Review 167(35):58-59. Graburn, N. (1983): To Pray, Pay and Play: The Cultural Structure of Japanese Domestic Tourism. Cahiers du Tourisme No. 26, Université de Droit, d’Economie and des Sciences, Centre des Hautes Etudes Touristiques, Aix-en-Provence. Guichard-Anguis, S. and Moon, O. (eds.) (2009): Japanese Tourism and Travel Culture. Routledge, Oxon. Hendry, J. and Raveri, M. (eds) (2002): Japan at Play: The Ludic and the Logic of Power. Routledge, London. HNTO (2006): A Magyar Turizmus Zrt. Tájékoztatója a hónap küldő országa rendezvénysorozat Japán prezentációjához, 2006. április 25. Hungarian National Tourist Office, Budapest. IBS (2007): Spa Market in Japan. International Business Strategies, Gaithersburg, MD. IBS (2006): Tourism Market in Japan. International Business Strategies, Gaithersburg, MD. Ito, M. (2003): Getting Into Hot Water for Health. The Japan Times, 25 May 2003, http://search.japantimes.co.jp (last accessed 03.04.2008.) JNTO (2010): Dogo-onsen Hot Spring. Japan National Tourism Association, http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/location/regional/ehime/dogoonsen.html (last accessed 05.04.2010) Kobayashi, M. (2004): Onsen in Tokyo. Value-added relaxation for Urbanites. Japan Spotlight, Economy, Culture & History 39(5):8-13. Kojima, J. and Kawamura, K. (2006): The Delights of Japanese Hot Springs. 19 Relaxing Onsen Retreats. Kateigaho International Edition, Japan’s Arts and Culture Magazine 10:135-151. Lengyel, M., Puczkó, L. and Rátz, T. (1996): A szociálturizmusban kidolgozandó “Üdültetési Csekk”-rendszer bevezetése, várható hatásai, eredményei. Unpublished research report, Budapest University of Economic Sciences, Tourism Research Centre, Budapest. Mansfield, S. (2001): Lips of Fire. Beppu Spa Offers Old-style Sightseeing Rituals that are Reason Enough to Visit. Japan Spotlight, Economy, Culture & History 37(1):25-29. MBE (Magyar Balneológiai Egyesület) (2005) Az Egyesület Története. MBE, Budapest, http://www.balneologia.hu – egyesulet_tortenet1.htm (last accessed 14 November 2005) Michalkó, G. and Rátz, T. (2008): The Role of the Tourist Milieu in the Social Construction of the Tourist Experience. JOHAR: Journal of Hospitality Application & Research 3(1):22-32. Neff, R. (1995): Japan’s Hidden Hot Springs. Charles E. Tuttle Publishing Co., Boston. Puczkó, L. and Rátz, T. (2006): Product Development and Diversification in Hungary. In: Hall, D., Smith, M. and Marciszewska, B. (eds.): Tourism in the New Europe: The Challenges and Opportunities of EU Enlargement. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp.116-126. Raveri, M. (2002): Introduction. In: Hendry, J. and Raveri, M. (eds): Japan at Play: The Ludic and the Logic of Power. Routledge, London, pp.1-21. Seki, A. and Heilman Brooke, E. (2005): The Japanese Spa: A Guide to Japan’s Finest Ryokan and Onsen. Tuttle Publishing, Boston. Talmadge, E. (2006): Getting Wet. Adventures in the Japanese Bath. Kodansha International, Tokyo. Tsukada, K. (2003): Hot-Spring Aficionados Visit a Top-Notch Ryokan. Kateigaho International Edition, Japan’s Arts and Culture Magazine, http://www.jnto.go.jp/eng/indepth/featuredarticles/kie/ryokan/index.html (last accessed 31.03.2008)
Page 1 and 2:
Health, Wellness and Tourism: healt
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Acknowledgements TTRA Europe would
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Kai Illing, Professor, Joanneum, Au
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ELISABETH IXMEIER Elisabeth Ixmeier
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Health and Spa Tourism Business: To
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Literature Review Health and Spa To
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Yoon & Uysal (2005) stated that pus
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Push factors Internal motives - phy
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Respondents were the international
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Perceptions, learning and attitudes
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Table 2 Themes of Motivation Factor
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elaxation as this is generally the
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Oh, H. C., Uysal, M. and Weaver, P.
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According to Ajzen, “persuasive c
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Behavioural Control: Workload Lack
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A Case Study of Innovative Wellness
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RP Care is an innovative modular ex
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The introduction of its modular bus
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UNDERSTANDING THE IMPACT OF LEISURE
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development but, three years later,
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Hamer, D., & Connor, B. (2004).Trav
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URBAN ZEN - AND HOW TO EXPLORE THIS
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Health Tourism - The SPA Goers in P
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Whether we opt for more realistic s
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focused on the paradigm of wellness
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immediately followed by specific ho
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particular reference must be made o
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Tabbachi, M. (2008), “American an
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tourism is a lucrative activity for
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Functional value Functional value i
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“Before my operation, I did exten
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The table below recapitulates the m
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Herrick, D. M. (2007). Medical tour
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Cosmeceuticals in wellness tourism
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will replace chemical materials; ad
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Issues in Co-branding and Co-creati
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producers of the cosmecuticals to a
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Lee, C. L. & Decker, R. (2008). A s
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scheme, although this theoretically
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study identifying the motivation of
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highlighted by Folland et al (2001)
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ackgrounds is expected to accomplis
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Understanding mature traveller’s
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attention to the mature travellers
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Table 1 Travellers’ demographic p
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• To distinguish spring and spa t
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Budapest’s thermal spas on screen
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Budapest as film location The power
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Usually viewers attach an icon to t
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In the second part of the questionn
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Riley R. & Van Doren C. (1992) Movi
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health as “a state of complete ph
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how much exercise they get. Two-thi
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arts, comedy clubs and festivals) w
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The use of the internet in wellness
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The main characteristics of Portugu
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29 Termas de Unhais da Serra 30 Ter
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ongoing consumer and industry resea
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Name Table 2. Spa websites analysed
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more than a handful of links were o
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Health Spa and Wellness - Competiti
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The Czech Republic is rich in spas
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Foreign Exchange Receipts and Expen
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the total fertility exceeded the va
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1. Waters - the internal and extern
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• N - Postoperative and posttraum
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Foreign guests at accommodation fac
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Table 6 shows the number of guests
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M. Zuckerman defines wellness as pr
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Today´s health spa hotels are most
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without spa facilities and service
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Ten Spa Domains. Downloaded from: h
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customer is value, which at each gi
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experiences that renew the spirit.
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eigenvalue 3.668, function 2 explai
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The results of this study support t
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Smith M, & Puczko´ L (2009). Healt
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and Bushell (2009, 11) have defined
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listed reasons in more general leve
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One 54 (13.3) Yes 180 (44.3) 2-4 21
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Discussions and Conclusions The aim
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Kelly, C. & Smith, M. (2009). Holis
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While wellness tourism in Australia
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Cairns, which has been suffering fr
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significantly from there, so if the
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Other factors raised by participant
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Connell, J. (2006b). Medical touris
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The Impact of a Festive Event on Re
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The mission of the World Acadian Co
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Table 1 Positive social impacts of
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The Acadians’ quest for pride and
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Ap, J., & Crompton, J. (1998). Deve
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and other characteristics of the ho
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Figure 1). Many of the hotels take
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Target groups As shown in Figure 2,
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to have an influence on these corre
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Purification 11 Application of alte
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Mueller H. and Lanz-Kaufmann E. (20
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The term multidimensional scaling (
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Figure 3 shows the split of bednigh
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Note: Objects: 32. Proximities: 496
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Group one account for 37% of the va
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Measurement of Tourism-oriented Asp
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Social indicator systems Social ind
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1999/2000, Table 1. presents the me
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However, according to Table 1, it a
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Since the TSTAR database does not h
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the hundred happiest settlements re
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Managing Cost, Revenue and Yield in
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Method: A Case Study Approach The a
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methodologies, and educational trav
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and times the data was collected, F
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SALA RIES AN D W AGES 18.17% PROFES
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Table 11 Treatment and revenue rate
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Measurement of the Economic Impacts
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o The macro and micro environment r
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Employment impacts During our analy
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• The examined wellness hotels we
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Total number of available beds (acc
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• Our analysis showed that new jo
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City of Budapest is seen as a touri
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of the area will also grow by marke
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of the case studies will be present
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Page 249 and 250: Conclusions In our changing environ
Page 251 and 252: no exception. Already, patients are
Page 253 and 254: Data regarding levels of training o
Page 255 and 256: Figure 2 - Graph showing price will
Page 257 and 258: Table 13 - Typical hospital costs f
Page 259 and 260: that people willing to pay slightly
Page 261 and 262: Continue follow-up care in the UK F
Page 263 and 264: HEALTH TOURISM IN IZMIR: POTENTIAL,
Page 265 and 266: • Service provided within the ins
Page 267 and 268: Table 2 - SWOT Analysis of Health T
Page 269 and 270: 16. Increasing interest in alternat
Page 271 and 272: APPENDIX 1 Interview Questions 1. M
Page 273 and 274: point of view it means wholeness as
Page 275 and 276: Men Women International Playboy, Me
Page 277 and 278: elderly wanted to look like, to act
Page 279 and 280: Table 4. The number of experienced
Page 281 and 282: emains an open question when the sh
Page 283 and 284: Most important criteria when bookin
Page 285 and 286: The study investigates the performa
Page 287 and 288: The survey was distributed to 400 u
Page 289 and 290: Conclusions and Discussion In this
Page 291 and 292: A Comparative Analysis of Spa Touri
Page 293 and 294: year-long Ottoman occupation: the T
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Page 297: separated and I don't like being st
Page 301 and 302: Does tourism really contribute to o
Page 303 and 304: Africa (mainly Cape Verde, Angola a
Page 305 and 306: The theoretical significance of und
Page 307 and 308: Veenhoven (2005:61) “quality-of-l
Page 309 and 310: Brunt and Courtney (1999). Brunt, P
Page 311 and 312: Expectations of Health Tourists in
Page 313 and 314: 40%). Only those guests were includ
Page 315 and 316: accommodation, meals and health off
Page 317 and 318: Exploring The Relationship Between
Page 319 and 320: proposed at 1975 by Cskiszentmihaly
Page 321 and 322: Table 1 Participant information ana
Page 323 and 324: Table 3 Well-being analysis result
Page 325 and 326: Csikszentmihalyi, M.,(1990), Flow:
Page 327 and 328: evident in Ancient Greece and Rome.
Page 329 and 330: Resort spas - Sometimes called ‘a
Page 331 and 332: analytic model has several methodol
Page 333 and 334: From this survey, we selected sever
Page 335 and 336: Gulliver in the land of giants? The
Page 337 and 338: emergency cases. As the commonly kn
Page 339 and 340: Figure 1. The main factors of quali
Page 341 and 342: Surgical medical touristic market T
Page 343 and 344: • Seamless services: The professi
Page 345 and 346: of price-advantage segment. Due to
Page 347 and 348: Appendix 1. The characteristics of
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Appendix 2. The characteristics of
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Introduction Arguments for the need
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The DOSTWELL Wellness Quality Seal
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The statistics obtained from the su
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Table 1 Sample of the Classificatio
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Goebel, G., Kapfensteiner, C., Wenz
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interest activity and health and we
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performance calls for a unity of wi
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Table 2 - Learning Commitment Analy
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higher the tourists satisfaction in
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supporting factors and resources, d
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Sustainable Wellness Tourism Destin
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In tourism marketing Savonlinna has
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The role and actions of Savonlinna
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Haaga-Helia (2010). DP in Experienc
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Hall, M. (2003) Spa and Health Tour
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excellent capabilities. Despite of
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Australian Wellness Tourism Provide
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thrills and excitement which someti
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The actual responses were compared
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therapies such as Feldenkrais, acup
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Table 2: Average Number of Employee
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As expected, Day Spas and Beauty Sp
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Snoj & Mumel, 2002). Furthermore, r
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Cooper, C. P., Fletcher, J., Noble,
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The Exploration of the Perceived Tr
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The key question in market segmenta
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significantly from each other. Ther
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Table 3 Cross-table of Background o
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4. Travel benefit perception reflec
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http://www.oxfordreference.com/view
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summary or as a commonly accepted b
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Third, these proxy prototypes were
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Table 2 Main travel purpose of the
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Table 4 Non-response shares for des
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Figure 1 Image positions of five As
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Figure 2 Image positions of five Eu
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piecemeal hypothesis and an undiffe
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Taasci, A.D.A. and Kozak, M. (2006)
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Among the economic factors determin
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The demographic profile of the dent
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The main part of the tourists’ ex
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Interview II was with the Chief Den
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anchor point of the dental tourism
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The country itself could profit muc
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