Upendo ni Utimilifu wa Sheria Insha juu ya Maadili - Martin Bucer ...
Upendo ni Utimilifu wa Sheria Insha juu ya Maadili - Martin Bucer ...
Upendo ni Utimilifu wa Sheria Insha juu ya Maadili - Martin Bucer ...
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‘Lex’ (<strong>Sheria</strong>) Kama Neno Jingine Mbadala k<strong>wa</strong> ‘Di<strong>ni</strong>’ 49<br />
Papa Pius II (1405-1464) anatumia ‘lex’ katika kitabu chake akilinga<strong>ni</strong>sha<br />
Uislamu na Ukristo. K<strong>wa</strong>ke ‘lex mahumetana’ (Lettera a Maometto II:<br />
109+115+116) haiwezi ku<strong>wa</strong> kigezo cha muungano wowote, k<strong>wa</strong> sababu<br />
‘christiana lex’ (115+158-159) <strong>ni</strong> <strong>ya</strong> zama<strong>ni</strong> zaidi.<br />
Matumizi ha<strong>ya</strong> <strong>ya</strong> ‘lex’ ha<strong>ya</strong>patika<strong>ni</strong> tu katika ugwe* <strong>wa</strong> kiothodoksi tu. Roger<br />
Bacon (1220- baada <strong>ya</strong> 1292) akijaribu kuzilinga<strong>ni</strong>sha pamoja di<strong>ni</strong> mbalimbali<br />
k<strong>wa</strong> msaada <strong>wa</strong> elimu <strong>ya</strong> nyota* bado anashikilia ‘lex Christiana’ (Opus majus<br />
II:388kk, linga<strong>ni</strong>sha na 386), ambayo <strong>ni</strong> di<strong>ni</strong> <strong>ya</strong> Kikristo, ku<strong>wa</strong> bora zaidi.<br />
Anaziita di<strong>ni</strong> za kipaga<strong>ni</strong> ‘lex Antichristii’ (II:370). 58<br />
Erich Feil ametoa mifano mbalimbali zaidi kutoka katika kipindi cha Augustine<br />
hadi katika m<strong>wa</strong>nzo <strong>wa</strong> Matengenezo. Kama ambavyo sifahamu uchunguzi<br />
wowote katika kazi za Wanamatengenezo kuonesha <strong>ni</strong> istilahi ga<strong>ni</strong> <strong>wa</strong>liyotumia<br />
kudokeza di<strong>ni</strong> mbalimbali, <strong>ni</strong> vigumu kusema i<strong>wa</strong>po matumizi <strong>ya</strong> ‘lex’<br />
<strong>ya</strong>liendelea <strong>wa</strong>kati na baada <strong>ya</strong> Matengenezo. (Jambo moja <strong>ni</strong> hakika: Istilahi<br />
‘religio’ haikutumika k<strong>wa</strong> lengo hili).<br />
Maana <strong>ya</strong> istilahi <strong>ya</strong> Kirumi ‘religio’ iliku<strong>wa</strong> holela kutokea m<strong>wa</strong>nzo, na maana<br />
<strong>ya</strong>ke <strong>ya</strong> asili bado inajadili<strong>wa</strong> hadi leo, ikijikita mahali fula<strong>ni</strong> kati <strong>ya</strong> ‘kufung<strong>wa</strong><br />
na Mungu’ (mf. Laktanz) na ‘kumtumikia (Mungu) k<strong>wa</strong> utii’ (mf. Cicero).<br />
Istilahi ‘religio’ ilileta maana <strong>wa</strong>kati ilipotumika katika muktadha maalumu <strong>wa</strong><br />
Kikristo na ilitumika kama istilahi moja<strong>wa</strong>po miongo<strong>ni</strong> m<strong>wa</strong> nyingine<br />
sambamba na maneno kama ‘cultus’ au ‘ritus’ ikizungumza <strong>juu</strong> <strong>ya</strong> Mkristo<br />
kumtumikia Mungu k<strong>wa</strong> ujumla au katika huduma za Ka<strong>ni</strong>sa. Hivyo Augustine<br />
na Luther <strong>wa</strong>litumia istilahi ‘religio’ kuzungumza <strong>juu</strong> <strong>ya</strong> Mkristo kumtegemea<br />
Mungu na kumtumikia yeye. Laki<strong>ni</strong> istilahi hii iliku<strong>wa</strong> du<strong>ni</strong> na bado <strong>ni</strong> du<strong>ni</strong><br />
ikitumika kulinga<strong>ni</strong>sha di<strong>ni</strong> mbalimbali kila moja na nyingine. ‘<strong>Sheria</strong>’ badala<br />
<strong>ya</strong>ke huonesha mahali ambapo tofauti za kweli zimelala na k<strong>wa</strong>mba hakuna kitu<br />
kama di<strong>ni</strong> <strong>ya</strong> kinadharia bali kila di<strong>ni</strong> ina mfumo <strong>wa</strong>ke <strong>wa</strong> sheria ambao<br />
unaakisi* miungu <strong>ya</strong>ke na kujipatia sura katika utamadu<strong>ni</strong>.<br />
Kikihukumu kulingana na mtazamo <strong>wa</strong>ke – kipindi cha M<strong>wa</strong>ko kilifan<strong>ya</strong> kitu<br />
sahihi kabisa kufan<strong>ya</strong> istilahi di<strong>ni</strong> ku<strong>wa</strong> kuu katika maana <strong>ya</strong>ke <strong>ya</strong> sasa, k<strong>wa</strong><br />
sababu iliku<strong>wa</strong> holela. Kutoka kipindi hiki na kuendelea, Wakristo <strong>wa</strong>nakosa<br />
istilahi ambayo kihalisia inafan<strong>ya</strong> tofauti kuu kati <strong>ya</strong> ima<strong>ni</strong> <strong>ya</strong>o na di<strong>ni</strong> nyingine.<br />
Peter Antes ameonesha k<strong>wa</strong>mba k<strong>wa</strong> ka<strong>wa</strong>ida di<strong>ni</strong> hutumia istilahi <strong>ya</strong> pamoja<br />
k<strong>wa</strong> ima<strong>ni</strong> zote. Laki<strong>ni</strong> istilahi hii inachota kutoka kwenye hukumu <strong>ya</strong>o<br />
wenyewe <strong>juu</strong> <strong>ya</strong> di<strong>ni</strong> nyingine na hufasili dhana <strong>wa</strong>nazoami<strong>ni</strong> ku<strong>wa</strong> kii<strong>ni</strong> cha<br />
ulinga<strong>ni</strong>shaji <strong>wa</strong> di<strong>ni</strong>. 59<br />
58 Kipekee tazama Erich Heck. Roger Bacon: Ein mittelalterlicher Versuch einer historischen und<br />
systematischen Religionswissenschaft. Abhandlungen zur Philosophie, Psychologie und Paedagogik 13. H.<br />
Bouvier: Bonn, 1957. kk. 92-95<br />
59 Peter Antes. “Religion einmal anders”. Temenos: Studies in comparative Religion 14 (1978): 184 – 197