Upendo ni Utimilifu wa Sheria Insha juu ya Maadili - Martin Bucer ...
Upendo ni Utimilifu wa Sheria Insha juu ya Maadili - Martin Bucer ...
Upendo ni Utimilifu wa Sheria Insha juu ya Maadili - Martin Bucer ...
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60 Schirrmacher, <strong>Insha</strong> <strong>juu</strong> <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Maadili</strong><br />
Na k<strong>wa</strong> hayo mengine yote, nasema Hapana”. 74 “Kikamilifu, <strong>ni</strong>mechagua<br />
Uhuru. K<strong>wa</strong> ku<strong>wa</strong> <strong>wa</strong>kati haki inaposhind<strong>wa</strong> kutambuli<strong>wa</strong>, basi uhuru hulinda<br />
uwezo <strong>wa</strong> kupinga dhidi <strong>ya</strong> ukosefu <strong>wa</strong> haki, na hivyo kuiokoa jamii.” 75<br />
Hoja za Camus zinapingana zenyewe. K<strong>wa</strong> mujibu <strong>wa</strong> tamko la k<strong>wa</strong>nza, iki<strong>wa</strong><br />
maana na amali <strong>ni</strong> vitu ambavyo havipo, basi tamko ku<strong>wa</strong> kila kitu <strong>ni</strong> sa<strong>wa</strong> katika<br />
thama<strong>ni</strong> haliwezi kufany<strong>wa</strong>, k<strong>wa</strong> ku<strong>wa</strong> linafan<strong>ya</strong> tathmi<strong>ni</strong>, japo <strong>ni</strong> katika hali<br />
hasi. Mkanganyiko katika hoja <strong>ya</strong> pili <strong>ni</strong> <strong>wa</strong>zi zaidi. ‘Jukumu la Kupenda’ <strong>ni</strong><br />
kanu<strong>ni</strong> <strong>ya</strong> kimsingi, kamilifu na <strong>ya</strong> kimaadili. Tamko katika sentensi<br />
iliyotangulia halilifan<strong>ya</strong> kutoku<strong>wa</strong> bubuso la kimaadili, bali linaikinga mbali na<br />
mjadala na uchunguzi <strong>wa</strong> kina. Msisitizo <strong>wa</strong> Camus <strong>juu</strong> <strong>ya</strong> kuhubiri mfumo usio<br />
na maadili hutengeneza mfumo <strong>wa</strong>ke ku<strong>wa</strong> kamilifu na usiopas<strong>wa</strong> kuuliz<strong>wa</strong>, na<br />
‘jukumu’ lake ku<strong>wa</strong> asili <strong>ya</strong> ma<strong>wa</strong>zo yote.<br />
Mbali na hayo, <strong>wa</strong>zo ku<strong>wa</strong> <strong>wa</strong>jibu <strong>wa</strong> kupenda <strong>ni</strong> desturi <strong>ya</strong> hali <strong>ya</strong> <strong>juu</strong> kabisa, <strong>ni</strong><br />
kanu<strong>ni</strong> <strong>ya</strong> msingi <strong>ya</strong> <strong>Maadili</strong> <strong>ya</strong> Kikristo. Camus, aliyeami<strong>ni</strong> <strong>juu</strong> <strong>ya</strong> uwepo <strong>wa</strong><br />
Mungu, ha<strong>wa</strong>zidi <strong>wa</strong>pinza<strong>ni</strong> <strong>wa</strong>ke Wakristo, k<strong>wa</strong> chochote anachoweza<br />
kumaa<strong>ni</strong>sha kuhusu ‘upendo’.<br />
Hatimaye nukuu <strong>ya</strong> tatu inadhihirisha ku<strong>wa</strong> kundi la Camus liliku<strong>wa</strong> na mfumo<br />
<strong>wa</strong> kimaadili, ambao hata hivyo Nadharia <strong>ya</strong>ke <strong>ya</strong> Upumbavu inabaki ku<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ya</strong><br />
kutojadili<strong>wa</strong>. Iki<strong>wa</strong> kila kitu kingeku<strong>wa</strong> chenye kulinga<strong>ni</strong>sh<strong>wa</strong>, basi Camus<br />
asingeweza kutoa hukumu aliyoifan<strong>ya</strong> hapo <strong>juu</strong>, tena hata hukumu k<strong>wa</strong>mba kila<br />
kitu <strong>ni</strong> chenye kulinga<strong>ni</strong>sh<strong>wa</strong>, k<strong>wa</strong> ku<strong>wa</strong> tamko hili lingeku<strong>wa</strong> lenye<br />
kulinga<strong>ni</strong>sh<strong>wa</strong> pia. Hivyo Camus anaongea <strong>juu</strong> <strong>ya</strong> ‘ukosa-haki’, ‘jukumu la<br />
kupenda’ na ‘uhuru’ – kanu<strong>ni</strong> dhahiri za kimaadili. Mfano <strong>wa</strong> Camus<br />
unadhihirisha k<strong>wa</strong>mba mtu anayedai kutenda bila maadili anaweza kabisa<br />
kufundisha mfumo kamili <strong>wa</strong> kimaadili. Pia inadhihirisha k<strong>wa</strong>mba kila<br />
m<strong>wa</strong>nadamu ana mfumo <strong>wa</strong> kimaadili, hata kama anaami<strong>ni</strong> k<strong>wa</strong>mba<br />
amekwishautangua. Mienendo na maadili <strong>ni</strong> vigezo muhimu v<strong>ya</strong> uwepo <strong>wa</strong><br />
m<strong>wa</strong>nadamu. Ama sivyo kufikiri kwetu kungethami<strong>ni</strong><strong>wa</strong> ku<strong>wa</strong> hakupo k<strong>wa</strong><br />
ku<strong>wa</strong> kunajumuisha mjadala <strong>wa</strong> nda<strong>ni</strong>, <strong>ya</strong>nayojali<strong>wa</strong> na maamuzi. Mwisho,<br />
Camus <strong>ni</strong> mfano k<strong>wa</strong> ukweli k<strong>wa</strong>mba Upumbnavu <strong>wa</strong> kimaadili <strong>wa</strong>weza ku<strong>wa</strong><br />
msingi <strong>wa</strong> kufikiri, laki<strong>ni</strong> sio <strong>wa</strong> kuufikiri au kuuishi.<br />
Michezo <strong>ya</strong> kuigiza <strong>ya</strong> ‘Juk<strong>wa</strong>a la Upumbavu’ 76 ambayo inatumia falsafa <strong>ya</strong><br />
Camus, huonesha jinsi ambavyo kuishi k<strong>wa</strong> m<strong>wa</strong>nadamu kusivyo na maana.<br />
Hata hivyo, maisha <strong>ya</strong>siyo na maana, k<strong>wa</strong> mujibu <strong>wa</strong> <strong>wa</strong>andishi <strong>wa</strong> tamthili<strong>ya</strong><br />
ha<strong>ya</strong>hitaji ku<strong>wa</strong> <strong>ya</strong>siyo na thama<strong>ni</strong> <strong>wa</strong>la <strong>ya</strong>siyo na furaha. Katika tamthili<strong>ya</strong> <strong>ya</strong>ke<br />
The Myth of Sisyphos (Kisakale cha Sisofo), Camus anamwelezea Sisofo kama<br />
74 Imetafsiri<strong>wa</strong> kutoka katika Albert Camus, Tagebuecher 1935 – 1951 (diaries), (Reinbek: rororo, 1980), uk.<br />
36<br />
75 Rud. uk. 119<br />
76 Tazama makala <strong>ya</strong>ngu kuhusu Samuel Beckettes “Waiting on Godot”: “Zum Weltbild des absurden<br />
Theaters”, Factum 2/1986:8-10