THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT - The University of Texas at Arlington

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established. Of those, twenty were organized under the direction of the Female Society for Birmingham. 36 In addition to aiding the establishment of ladies’ associations, the complex organization of the Female Society for Birmingham facilitated the arduous work of canvassing entire communities on behalf of the anti-slavery cause. The visitors and collectors of the women’s associations, including the Birmingham group, proved essential to spreading the anti-slavery message and encouraging the boycott of the products of slavery. In 1827, the Birmingham women reported that more than half of the households in the Birmingham area had been visited; in 1828, the number of households visited rose to eighty-three percent. In 1829, they completed their canvas of their entire Birmingham area. 37 Heyrick and her friend and co-editor Susanna Watts were credited with canvassing most of Leicester. Women in Sheffield conducted a similar canvas. Door-to-door canvassing was a uniquely female method for distributing anti-slavery tracts, most likely adopted from the system of female district visitors to the poor used by Laws, shall press a free-born infant to her bosom.” According to Midgley, the “word for word” resolution suggests that the three later groups copied the resolution from the Birmingham association, further evidence of the influence of the Birmingham group. 36 Midgley, Women against Slavery, 47. 37 The Second Report of the Female Society of Birmingham, West Bromwich, Wednesbury, Walsall and Their Respective Neighbourhoods for the Relief of British Negro Slaves (Birmingham: Benjamin Hudson, 1827), 17; Third Report of the Female Society of Birmingham, 17; Minutes, November 26, 1829, Birmingham Ladies’ Society for the Relief of Negro Slaves, Minute Book, Reel 2, Records Relating to the Birmingham Ladies’ Society for the Relief of Negro Slaves, 1825-1919, Birmingham Reference Library, hereafter cited as BLS. See also Karen I. Halbersleben, Women’s Participation in the British Antislavery Movement, 1824-1865 (Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press, 1993), 89. 66
enevolent associations in this period. Male auxiliaries did not use this method to distribute information or solicit support for the anti-slavery cause. 38 In addition to neighborhood canvassing, British anti-slavery women made use of traditional female networks. For example, the Female Society for Birmingham made work-bags for sale to “the affluent and influential classes of the community,” as the women noted in their meeting minutes. 39 Work-bags, which were generally used to store embroidery and other needlework, were made from free-labor East India cotton, silk, or satin by the women of the organization. One side of the bag featured an image of a slave woman; on the reverse a label admonished the slave woman to “call upon [God] from amidst thy bonds, for assuredly he will hear thee.” The bags were then filled with anti- slavery literature along with a note explaining the contents of the bag. 40 The work-bags were a significant fundraiser and form of outreach for women’s associations; indeed, the work-bags produced by British women drew the attention of American editor Benjamin Lundy, who noted in the pages of the Genius of Universal Emancipation that the project was worthy of “particular notice.” 41 In 1827 the Birmingham society reported that during the preceding two years, the association had 38 Catherine Hutton Beale, Catherine Hutton and Her Friends (Birmingham, U.K.: Cornish Brothers, 1895), 206.; Report of the Sheffield Female Anti-Slavery Society (Sheffield: J. Blackwell, 1827), 3. See also Midgley, Women against Slavery, 58-59. Heyrick and Watts edited The Humming Bird, a shortlived literary publication, which included anti-slavery articles. 39 As quoted in Midgley, Women against Slavery, 57. 40 Genius of Universal Emancipation, October 20, 1827. See also Midgley, Women against Slavery, 57. Swarthmore College has an example of one of these bags with this particular image and verse. See “Anti-Slavery Bag,” Relic 295, John Greenleaf Whittier Manuscripts, Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College. 41 Genius of Universal Emancipation, October 20, 1827. 67
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“THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT”: WO
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To Stan
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support, collegiality, and humor. T
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summer seminar, Passages to Freedom
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Supervising Professor: Sam W. Hayne
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1
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PREFACE The grocer takes your 6d. [
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Garrison’s rejection of free prod
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an anti-slavery tactic, one which,
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the chronology of women’s activis
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to “prize goods.” Removing men,
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and even the flesh of the slaves wh
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women possessed these characteristi
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to their constitution recommending
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Produce Association. Mott, Pugh, an
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colony in Africa. 46 Scorned even b
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that are the focus of Salerno’s s
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Unlike earlier histories of abstent
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the context of the Anglo-American a
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PART I THE BRITISH ABSTENTION MOVEM
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meats which are presented to each p
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debate about the nature of commerce
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Fox’s fiery pamphlet, Britons abs
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William Fox, Martha Gurney, and Sug
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The partnership of Gurney and Fox t
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itself more with the abstention mov
Page 55 and 56: Fox’s argument for abstention res
Page 57 and 58: praised the effects of tea and impl
Page 59 and 60: Careful, believed a well-equipped t
Page 61 and 62: the “spreading leprosy taints ev
Page 63 and 64: ousing readers to feel sympathy but
Page 65 and 66: enevolence is reflected in two poli
Page 67 and 68: careful weighing of the sugar and M
Page 69 and 70: stories of husbands and fathers ret
Page 71 and 72: Address allegedly authored by a wom
Page 73 and 74: sensibility. He declared, “Your c
Page 75 and 76: interested than she admitted. 76 Wh
Page 77 and 78: “[Are] we justified in transporti
Page 79 and 80: Contaminated by blood, sugar failed
Page 81 and 82: their own hearings about the trade.
Page 83 and 84: evive the slave trade debate again
Page 85 and 86: a poor dead Negro’s finger or toe
Page 87 and 88: that female consumers had themselve
Page 89 and 90: movement; yet both simultaneously s
Page 91 and 92: the pages of The Humming Bird, in 1
Page 93 and 94: Britain’s working class as well a
Page 95 and 96: Thomas Clarkson once again toured G
Page 97 and 98: It was the trial of missionary John
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Page 101 and 102: continued abolitionist agitation. T
Page 103 and 104: was linked directly to slave rebell
Page 105: The Female Society for Birmingham f
Page 109 and 110: Discarded Negroes in the Island of
Page 111 and 112: focused on emancipation, claiming t
Page 113 and 114: Slavery Associations also listed tr
Page 115 and 116: donations and subscriptions in 1829
Page 117 and 118: emphasized the dangers of consumpti
Page 119 and 120: British consumers, Cropper argued,
Page 121 and 122: “Speculations on the comparative
Page 123 and 124: activism. Between 1815 and 1819, wa
Page 125 and 126: should begin at home. 93 Reviewing
Page 127 and 128: working class and the enslaved Afri
Page 129 and 130: The second abstention campaign enga
Page 131 and 132: PART II THE AMERICAN FREE-PRODUCE M
Page 133 and 134: 1830 and in the Liberator in 1831.
Page 135 and 136: As editor of the “Ladies’ Repos
Page 137 and 138: Quakers and the Free Produce Moveme
Page 139 and 140: development. 15 In 1789, Drinker pu
Page 141 and 142: slaveholders. In addition to elimin
Page 143 and 144: that uncritical acceptance of the s
Page 145 and 146: impossible to distinguish between f
Page 147 and 148: power in Philadelphia. Both were di
Page 149 and 150: From the beginning, the “Ladies
Page 151 and 152: Department” harbored radical pote
Page 153 and 154: Repository” to promote women’s
Page 155 and 156: about slavery. 55 As one the earlie
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A sweet rich juice, which White men
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the poem can only make the briefest
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Again” and “The Sugar-Plums”
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inches high in standard alphabetic
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C. Gunn to address the group on the
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and women’s activism in abolition
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interference of women.” Chandler
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made eight years later calling for
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CHAPTER 4 “OH FAINT YOU NOT, YE G
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of the transatlantic abolitionist a
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Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers both
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address proposed that Hicksite Frie
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after the schism, Orthodox Quakers
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Ohio and Pennsylvania petitions. Th
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Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Orthod
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Quakers’ reluctance to take colle
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statements against slavery, but cau
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Hicksite men of Green Street mocked
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For the first time, Quaker women jo
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earn a sufficient income. By 1840,
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to their board. New York women were
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At the 1838 convention, women passe
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widely available. In the meantime,
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forms of female activism that reinf
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anti-slavery societies, Massachuset
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Gunn to participate in the conventi
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White and other owners of free-labo
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cotton, which was subsequently manu
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interests at the international meet
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with the publication of a circular
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Elizabeth Pease played a key role i
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wrote Pease that the BIS had “cla
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was the most effective tactic: “Y
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PART III THE TRANSATLANTIC FREE-PRO
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North. In 1837, the delegates of th
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evident in the way British and Amer
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invigorated by the victories of 183
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on American abolitionists to send
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admission of the female delegates,
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presented earlier in the week. 17 T
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American abolitionists’ antipathy
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American Free Produce in the 1840s
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presented a resolution to dissolve
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In the 1830s Quaker abolitionists j
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challenged Friends to examine their
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for the slave; rather, Derkin asked
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attendance at the annual meeting be
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esolution that was tabled by member
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION [T]o urge [fre
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Wrongs and Their Remedy. There is D
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League of Universal Brotherhood. In
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statement, yet, because women’s p
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Association was integrated by gende
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. . . so I decided many years ago n
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts American A
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Freedom’s Journal The Friend The
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Anti-Slavery Society. London: Eller
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________. The History of the Rise,
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the Counsel on Each Side, and the F
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Hicks, Elias. Observations on the S
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Narrative of the Proceedings of the
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Taylor, Clare. British and American
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Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture
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Clark, Elizabeth B. “‘The Sacre
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Dillon, Merton L. Benjamin Lundy an
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Gratzer, Walter. Terrors of the Tab
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Ingle, H. Larry. “‘A Ball That
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Margolin, Sam. “‘And Freedom to
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Nelson, Elizabeth White. Market Sen
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Westbrook, and R. D. de Prospo, 73-
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________. The Devotion of These Wom
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________. Radical Satire and Print
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Dr. Holcomb is also a member of the
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