THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT - The University of Texas at Arlington

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give you a warm bath to cure your Ague, and a Curry-combing afterwards to put Spunk into you.” A note at the bottom of the image claims that the scene was based on testimony given by “Mr. Frances.” In his History, Clarkson noted that Phillip Francis reported the case of an overseer who punished a slave by throwing him into a pot of boiling cane juice. Gillray, however, embellished the story Francis reported, which casts doubt on the veracity of the source and renders Gillray’s political cartoon an ambiguous commentary on slavery and the slave trade. 85 Still, Gillray’s cartoon is evidence that contaminated slave-grown sugar was an established trope from the beginning of the abstention campaign. Hoping to build on the momentum of the boycott, abolitionists brought the issue of the slave trade before the House of Commons again in the spring of 1792. In a matter of weeks, 519 anti-slave trade petitions bearing at least 390,000 names were presented to Parliament. In contrast, Parliament received just four petitions supporting the trade. Abolitionists’ hopes were high when the debate began on April 2. To their dismay, however, home secretary Henry Dundas inserted the word “gradually” into Wilberforce’s bill. Ultimately, the House of Commons passed the gradualist proposal postponing debate about the slave trade until 1796 when the trade was supposed to end. When the slave trade abolition bill came before the House of Lords, the Lords insisted on holding 85 Clarkson, History, II: 269; Oldfield, Popular Politics, 174-175. Oldfield suggests that by embellishing Francis’s testimony before the House of Commons, Gillray “cast doubt on the authenticity of the story and the reliability of source.” Gillray’s ambiguity, according to Oldfield, reflected the ambiguity of popular feeling about the slave trade. Francis’s testimony was reported in the United States. See “Observations upon Negro Slavery,” The Universal Asylum and Columbian Magazine, November 1790. 40
their own hearings about the trade. The hearings were monopolized by pro-slavery interests until Parliament adjourned, effectively ending any hopes of passing the bill. 86 As British abolitionists regrouped after defeat in the spring of 1792, events in France took a violent turn. In the summer of 1792, King Louis XVI was taken prisoner. In September, two thousand French royalists, clergy, and aristocrats were killed. Conservatives in Britain were horrified by the events. The Times reported: “The streets of Paris [are] strewed with the carcasses of the mangled victims . . . Read this yea ENGLISHMEN, with attention and ardently pray that your happy constitution may never be outraged by the despotic tyranny of Equalization.” On January 21, 1793, as British abolitionists were attempting to schedule another hearing on the abolition of the slave trade, the French king was executed. “Every bosom burns with indignation in this kingdom against the ferocious savages of Paris,” declared the Times. The French ambassador was expelled from Britain, and conditions between Britain and France spiraled downward ending in France’s declaration of war against Britain on February 1. 87 The popular abstention writer William Fox took a strong anti-war stance arguing that Britain was the aggressor and wished to destroy the new French republic because the revolution held dangerous possibilities for Great Britain. Fox mocked a British government that worried about the affairs of other European nations while neglecting British issues such as the slave trade. It was, Fox noted, easier “to express the warmest emotions, and the most indignant feelings against them, . . . than to pursue the thorny path 86 Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 226-234. 87 Hochschild, Bury the Chains, 235-236. The Times as quoted in Hochschild. 41
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“THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT”: WO
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To Stan
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support, collegiality, and humor. T
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summer seminar, Passages to Freedom
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Supervising Professor: Sam W. Hayne
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1
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PREFACE The grocer takes your 6d. [
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Garrison’s rejection of free prod
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an anti-slavery tactic, one which,
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the chronology of women’s activis
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to “prize goods.” Removing men,
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and even the flesh of the slaves wh
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women possessed these characteristi
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Page 31 and 32: Produce Association. Mott, Pugh, an
Page 33 and 34: colony in Africa. 46 Scorned even b
Page 35 and 36: that are the focus of Salerno’s s
Page 37 and 38: Unlike earlier histories of abstent
Page 39 and 40: the context of the Anglo-American a
Page 41 and 42: PART I THE BRITISH ABSTENTION MOVEM
Page 43 and 44: meats which are presented to each p
Page 45 and 46: debate about the nature of commerce
Page 47 and 48: Fox’s fiery pamphlet, Britons abs
Page 49 and 50: William Fox, Martha Gurney, and Sug
Page 51 and 52: The partnership of Gurney and Fox t
Page 53 and 54: itself more with the abstention mov
Page 55 and 56: Fox’s argument for abstention res
Page 57 and 58: praised the effects of tea and impl
Page 59 and 60: Careful, believed a well-equipped t
Page 61 and 62: the “spreading leprosy taints ev
Page 63 and 64: ousing readers to feel sympathy but
Page 65 and 66: enevolence is reflected in two poli
Page 67 and 68: careful weighing of the sugar and M
Page 69 and 70: stories of husbands and fathers ret
Page 71 and 72: Address allegedly authored by a wom
Page 73 and 74: sensibility. He declared, “Your c
Page 75 and 76: interested than she admitted. 76 Wh
Page 77 and 78: “[Are] we justified in transporti
Page 79: Contaminated by blood, sugar failed
Page 83 and 84: evive the slave trade debate again
Page 85 and 86: a poor dead Negro’s finger or toe
Page 87 and 88: that female consumers had themselve
Page 89 and 90: movement; yet both simultaneously s
Page 91 and 92: the pages of The Humming Bird, in 1
Page 93 and 94: Britain’s working class as well a
Page 95 and 96: Thomas Clarkson once again toured G
Page 97 and 98: It was the trial of missionary John
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Page 101 and 102: continued abolitionist agitation. T
Page 103 and 104: was linked directly to slave rebell
Page 105 and 106: The Female Society for Birmingham f
Page 107 and 108: enevolent associations in this peri
Page 109 and 110: Discarded Negroes in the Island of
Page 111 and 112: focused on emancipation, claiming t
Page 113 and 114: Slavery Associations also listed tr
Page 115 and 116: donations and subscriptions in 1829
Page 117 and 118: emphasized the dangers of consumpti
Page 119 and 120: British consumers, Cropper argued,
Page 121 and 122: “Speculations on the comparative
Page 123 and 124: activism. Between 1815 and 1819, wa
Page 125 and 126: should begin at home. 93 Reviewing
Page 127 and 128: working class and the enslaved Afri
Page 129 and 130: The second abstention campaign enga
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PART II THE AMERICAN FREE-PRODUCE M
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1830 and in the Liberator in 1831.
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As editor of the “Ladies’ Repos
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Quakers and the Free Produce Moveme
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development. 15 In 1789, Drinker pu
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slaveholders. In addition to elimin
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that uncritical acceptance of the s
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impossible to distinguish between f
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power in Philadelphia. Both were di
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From the beginning, the “Ladies
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Department” harbored radical pote
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Repository” to promote women’s
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about slavery. 55 As one the earlie
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A sweet rich juice, which White men
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the poem can only make the briefest
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Again” and “The Sugar-Plums”
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inches high in standard alphabetic
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C. Gunn to address the group on the
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and women’s activism in abolition
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interference of women.” Chandler
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made eight years later calling for
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CHAPTER 4 “OH FAINT YOU NOT, YE G
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of the transatlantic abolitionist a
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Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers both
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address proposed that Hicksite Frie
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after the schism, Orthodox Quakers
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Ohio and Pennsylvania petitions. Th
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Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Orthod
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Quakers’ reluctance to take colle
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statements against slavery, but cau
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Hicksite men of Green Street mocked
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For the first time, Quaker women jo
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earn a sufficient income. By 1840,
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to their board. New York women were
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At the 1838 convention, women passe
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widely available. In the meantime,
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forms of female activism that reinf
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anti-slavery societies, Massachuset
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Gunn to participate in the conventi
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White and other owners of free-labo
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cotton, which was subsequently manu
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interests at the international meet
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with the publication of a circular
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Elizabeth Pease played a key role i
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wrote Pease that the BIS had “cla
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was the most effective tactic: “Y
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PART III THE TRANSATLANTIC FREE-PRO
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North. In 1837, the delegates of th
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evident in the way British and Amer
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invigorated by the victories of 183
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on American abolitionists to send
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admission of the female delegates,
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presented earlier in the week. 17 T
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American abolitionists’ antipathy
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American Free Produce in the 1840s
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presented a resolution to dissolve
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In the 1830s Quaker abolitionists j
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challenged Friends to examine their
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for the slave; rather, Derkin asked
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attendance at the annual meeting be
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esolution that was tabled by member
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION [T]o urge [fre
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Wrongs and Their Remedy. There is D
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League of Universal Brotherhood. In
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statement, yet, because women’s p
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Association was integrated by gende
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. . . so I decided many years ago n
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts American A
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Freedom’s Journal The Friend The
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Anti-Slavery Society. London: Eller
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________. The History of the Rise,
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the Counsel on Each Side, and the F
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Hicks, Elias. Observations on the S
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Narrative of the Proceedings of the
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Taylor, Clare. British and American
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Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture
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Clark, Elizabeth B. “‘The Sacre
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Dillon, Merton L. Benjamin Lundy an
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Gratzer, Walter. Terrors of the Tab
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Ingle, H. Larry. “‘A Ball That
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Margolin, Sam. “‘And Freedom to
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Nelson, Elizabeth White. Market Sen
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Westbrook, and R. D. de Prospo, 73-
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________. The Devotion of These Wom
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________. Radical Satire and Print
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Dr. Holcomb is also a member of the
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