THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT - The University of Texas at Arlington

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movement, abstainers instead seemed to push them away with their narrow focus on individual purity. Members of the American Free Produce Association were also concerned with issues of supply. While members harangued abolitionists about the morality of the cause, members also struggled to identify and to fund a steady supply of free-labor goods. In 1843, the AFPA’s Committee on Finance outlined a four-step plan to raise funds to continue manufacturing free-labor goods. The developing free-produce movement in Ohio, which had led to the establishment of several free-labor stores, had increased business enough that the AFPA was able to reduce prices. The fifth annual report, in 1843, noted that the market and the quality of goods had improved. Throughout the mid- to late-1840s, the association focused on supplying free-labor goods. Indeed, manufacturing seemed to be the only business of the association. In 1846, James Mott noted that since “the business of the association is conducted chiefly by our manufacturing committee, the details of its operations will be found in their report.” Despite moments of optimism, supply and quality continued to plague the association. In 1847, the AFPA suspended its manufacturing committee and the association apparently disbanded. 31 Few Orthodox Quakers participated in the American Free Produce Association. In the mid-1840s, Orthodox Quaker Samuel Rhoads attempted to reinvigorate Friends’ commitment to free produce. His pamphlet, Considerations on the Use of the Productions of Slavery, Addressed to the Religious Society of Friends, published in 1844 31 October 17, 1843; October 26, 1846; and October 4, 1847Minutes, AFPA, HSP. 204
challenged Friends to examine their testimony on slave-labor produce. Citing the example of John Woolman, Rhoads argued that Friends had for more than a century practiced individual abstinence from slave-labor products. Still, Quakers as a sect had failed to adopt abstinence despite the Society’s stance against slave trading and slave owning. Rhoads claimed Friends used slave-labor products as a matter of custom. He also alluded to the criticism of conservative Friends, who had argued against collective action against slavery. “We are told that we shall have no reward for attempting to do good in our own wills: and it is assumed that those who are laboring in this cause are so doing,” Rhoads wrote. “Would it not be as well to inquire what our reward will be for persisting to do evil in our own wills,” he asked, countering conservative Friends’ claims that joining secular anti-slavery societies was an attempt to correct that which was better left to divine guidance. 32 Rhoads, along with Abraham Pennock and George W. Taylor, helped establish the Free Produce Association of Friends of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting in 1845. Following a meeting in April, the three were part of the committee charged with drafting a constitution and issuing a call for a general meeting in June. Though the call did not specifically limit membership to men, much about the circular itself implied that was indeed the case. Signed by ten prominent Quaker men including Rhoads, Pennock, and 32 Samuel Rhoads, Considerations on the Use of the Productions of Slavery, Addressed to the Religious Society of Friends, 2 nd ed. (Philadelphia: Merrihew and Thompson, 1845), 27. The title was slightly altered in the second edition. See Samuel Rhoads, Considerations on the Use of the Productions of Slavery, Especially Addressed to the Religious Society of Friends, Within the Limits of Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Philadelphia: Merrihew and Thompson, 1844), http://digital.library.cornell.edu/cgi/t/text/textidx?c=mayantislavery;idno=18865611 (accessed May 2, 2010). The cataloging information incorrectly identifies this text as written by the Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Hicksite). 205
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“THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT”: WO
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To Stan
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support, collegiality, and humor. T
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summer seminar, Passages to Freedom
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Supervising Professor: Sam W. Hayne
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1
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PREFACE The grocer takes your 6d. [
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Garrison’s rejection of free prod
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an anti-slavery tactic, one which,
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the chronology of women’s activis
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to “prize goods.” Removing men,
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and even the flesh of the slaves wh
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women possessed these characteristi
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to their constitution recommending
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Produce Association. Mott, Pugh, an
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colony in Africa. 46 Scorned even b
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that are the focus of Salerno’s s
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Unlike earlier histories of abstent
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the context of the Anglo-American a
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PART I THE BRITISH ABSTENTION MOVEM
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meats which are presented to each p
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debate about the nature of commerce
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Fox’s fiery pamphlet, Britons abs
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William Fox, Martha Gurney, and Sug
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The partnership of Gurney and Fox t
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itself more with the abstention mov
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Fox’s argument for abstention res
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praised the effects of tea and impl
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Careful, believed a well-equipped t
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the “spreading leprosy taints ev
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ousing readers to feel sympathy but
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enevolence is reflected in two poli
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careful weighing of the sugar and M
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stories of husbands and fathers ret
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Address allegedly authored by a wom
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sensibility. He declared, “Your c
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interested than she admitted. 76 Wh
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“[Are] we justified in transporti
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Contaminated by blood, sugar failed
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their own hearings about the trade.
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evive the slave trade debate again
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a poor dead Negro’s finger or toe
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that female consumers had themselve
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movement; yet both simultaneously s
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the pages of The Humming Bird, in 1
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Britain’s working class as well a
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Thomas Clarkson once again toured G
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It was the trial of missionary John
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planter, Member of Parliament, and
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continued abolitionist agitation. T
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was linked directly to slave rebell
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The Female Society for Birmingham f
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enevolent associations in this peri
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Discarded Negroes in the Island of
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focused on emancipation, claiming t
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Slavery Associations also listed tr
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donations and subscriptions in 1829
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emphasized the dangers of consumpti
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British consumers, Cropper argued,
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“Speculations on the comparative
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activism. Between 1815 and 1819, wa
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should begin at home. 93 Reviewing
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working class and the enslaved Afri
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The second abstention campaign enga
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PART II THE AMERICAN FREE-PRODUCE M
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1830 and in the Liberator in 1831.
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As editor of the “Ladies’ Repos
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Quakers and the Free Produce Moveme
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development. 15 In 1789, Drinker pu
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slaveholders. In addition to elimin
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that uncritical acceptance of the s
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impossible to distinguish between f
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power in Philadelphia. Both were di
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From the beginning, the “Ladies
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Department” harbored radical pote
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Repository” to promote women’s
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about slavery. 55 As one the earlie
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A sweet rich juice, which White men
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the poem can only make the briefest
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Again” and “The Sugar-Plums”
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inches high in standard alphabetic
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C. Gunn to address the group on the
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and women’s activism in abolition
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interference of women.” Chandler
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made eight years later calling for
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CHAPTER 4 “OH FAINT YOU NOT, YE G
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of the transatlantic abolitionist a
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Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers both
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address proposed that Hicksite Frie
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after the schism, Orthodox Quakers
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Ohio and Pennsylvania petitions. Th
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Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Orthod
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Quakers’ reluctance to take colle
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statements against slavery, but cau
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Hicksite men of Green Street mocked
Page 193 and 194: For the first time, Quaker women jo
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Page 213 and 214: interests at the international meet
Page 215 and 216: with the publication of a circular
Page 217 and 218: Elizabeth Pease played a key role i
Page 219 and 220: wrote Pease that the BIS had “cla
Page 221 and 222: was the most effective tactic: “Y
Page 223 and 224: PART III THE TRANSATLANTIC FREE-PRO
Page 225 and 226: North. In 1837, the delegates of th
Page 227 and 228: evident in the way British and Amer
Page 229 and 230: invigorated by the victories of 183
Page 231 and 232: on American abolitionists to send
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Page 239 and 240: American Free Produce in the 1840s
Page 241 and 242: presented a resolution to dissolve
Page 243: In the 1830s Quaker abolitionists j
Page 247 and 248: for the slave; rather, Derkin asked
Page 249 and 250: attendance at the annual meeting be
Page 251 and 252: esolution that was tabled by member
Page 253 and 254: CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION [T]o urge [fre
Page 255 and 256: Wrongs and Their Remedy. There is D
Page 257 and 258: League of Universal Brotherhood. In
Page 259 and 260: statement, yet, because women’s p
Page 261 and 262: Association was integrated by gende
Page 263 and 264: . . . so I decided many years ago n
Page 265 and 266: BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts American A
Page 267 and 268: Freedom’s Journal The Friend The
Page 269 and 270: Anti-Slavery Society. London: Eller
Page 271 and 272: ________. The History of the Rise,
Page 273 and 274: the Counsel on Each Side, and the F
Page 275 and 276: Hicks, Elias. Observations on the S
Page 277 and 278: Narrative of the Proceedings of the
Page 279 and 280: Taylor, Clare. British and American
Page 281 and 282: Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture
Page 283 and 284: Clark, Elizabeth B. “‘The Sacre
Page 285 and 286: Dillon, Merton L. Benjamin Lundy an
Page 287 and 288: Gratzer, Walter. Terrors of the Tab
Page 289 and 290: Ingle, H. Larry. “‘A Ball That
Page 291 and 292: Margolin, Sam. “‘And Freedom to
Page 293 and 294: Nelson, Elizabeth White. Market Sen
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Westbrook, and R. D. de Prospo, 73-
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________. The Devotion of These Wom
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________. Radical Satire and Print
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Dr. Holcomb is also a member of the
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