THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT - The University of Texas at Arlington

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denied Fox’s claim for a high rate of death among African slaves in the Caribbean and instead argued that more working class men in Britain died young “either by hazardous employments, by working in infectious trades, or by extreme labour.” Calling English miners “underground slaves,” she argued that if the labor conditions of these working men were examined, their situation would be found “unenviable, even by the West Indian slave.” By privileging white laborers and emphasizing the impact abolition would have on white Britons, the female apologist placed her tract within an established rhetorical tradition. 69 Emphasizing the importance of slave-goods, pro-slave trade writers created what historian Brycchan Carey has described as a “hierarchy of suffering.” By diverting attention to miners, for example, the anonymous author used a common rhetorical device in pro-slave trade writing. Carey argues that child chimney sweeps and miners were most often singled out for comparison with slaves because all three groups shared harsh labor conditions, child labor, high mortality rates as well as having “black faces in common.” Relief for child chimney sweeps was supported by abolitionists and pro- slavery supporters alike; however, pro-slavery supporters used their concern for child chimney sweeps to argue, like the female apologist, that “charity” should begin at home. 70 In his Vindication, Hillier did not challenge the female author’s right to speak out publicly against abstention from sugar; however, he did challenge her femininity and 69 An Answer to a Pamphlet Intituled [sic] An Address to the People of England against the Use of West Indian Produce (Whitechapel: W. Moon, 1791), 4-7. 70 Carey, British Abolitionism and the Rhetoric of Sensibility, 130, 124, 127. 32
sensibility. He declared, “Your charity, my good Lady, may begin at home, and end at home, and stay at home for ever.” 71 Hillier referred to the now-familiar testimony in the House of Commons about the cruelty of colonial women. “The ladies in the West-Indies have a happy dexterity in flipping off their shoes, and beating the heels of them about the heads of their negroes,” Hillier wrote. “Now, with a very little practice upon your bed- post or dressing table, you will make a tolerable proficiency in the art.” He contrasted the unknown author with anti-slave trade writers such as Helen Maria Williams, who linked anti-slavery to the moralization of politics and commerce. 72 Hillier, moreover, connected abstention to the salvation of Europeans and Africans. 73 The way gender is used in each tract is significant. In An Answer, the female apologist’s gender is apparent in an early reference on the first page. 74 Otherwise, the anonymous author does not highlight her feminine identity. Anonymity was common among political authors in the eighteenth century. Many pieces of pro- and anti-slave trade rhetoric were published anonymously or pseudonymously. Generally, women adopted a male identity; however, by the late eighteenth century, women’s experience 71 Richard Hillier, A Vindication of an Address to the People of Great Britain, on the Use of West India Produce. With Some Observations and Facts Relative to the Situation of the Slaves. In Reply to a Female Apologist for Slavery (London: M. Gurney, 1791), 18. 72 Ibid., 3; Midgley, Women against Slavery, 26. 73 Hillier, A Vindication, 23. 74 An Answer to a Pamphlet Intituled [sic] An Address to the People of England against the Use of West Indian Produce, 3: “The Writer of this little piece, considering that God made of one blood all the nations which dwell on the face of the earth, has no more partiality to the colour of the skin than the Author of the Pamphlet can have; nor is she so devoid of the feelings of humanity or of Christian principles, as to wish slavery and oppression to any individual of the human race.” Emphasis mine. This is the only reference to the author’s gender. 33
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“THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT”: WO
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To Stan
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support, collegiality, and humor. T
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summer seminar, Passages to Freedom
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Supervising Professor: Sam W. Hayne
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1
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PREFACE The grocer takes your 6d. [
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Garrison’s rejection of free prod
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an anti-slavery tactic, one which,
Page 21 and 22: the chronology of women’s activis
Page 23 and 24: to “prize goods.” Removing men,
Page 25 and 26: and even the flesh of the slaves wh
Page 27 and 28: women possessed these characteristi
Page 29 and 30: to their constitution recommending
Page 31 and 32: Produce Association. Mott, Pugh, an
Page 33 and 34: colony in Africa. 46 Scorned even b
Page 35 and 36: that are the focus of Salerno’s s
Page 37 and 38: Unlike earlier histories of abstent
Page 39 and 40: the context of the Anglo-American a
Page 41 and 42: PART I THE BRITISH ABSTENTION MOVEM
Page 43 and 44: meats which are presented to each p
Page 45 and 46: debate about the nature of commerce
Page 47 and 48: Fox’s fiery pamphlet, Britons abs
Page 49 and 50: William Fox, Martha Gurney, and Sug
Page 51 and 52: The partnership of Gurney and Fox t
Page 53 and 54: itself more with the abstention mov
Page 55 and 56: Fox’s argument for abstention res
Page 57 and 58: praised the effects of tea and impl
Page 59 and 60: Careful, believed a well-equipped t
Page 61 and 62: the “spreading leprosy taints ev
Page 63 and 64: ousing readers to feel sympathy but
Page 65 and 66: enevolence is reflected in two poli
Page 67 and 68: careful weighing of the sugar and M
Page 69 and 70: stories of husbands and fathers ret
Page 71: Address allegedly authored by a wom
Page 75 and 76: interested than she admitted. 76 Wh
Page 77 and 78: “[Are] we justified in transporti
Page 79 and 80: Contaminated by blood, sugar failed
Page 81 and 82: their own hearings about the trade.
Page 83 and 84: evive the slave trade debate again
Page 85 and 86: a poor dead Negro’s finger or toe
Page 87 and 88: that female consumers had themselve
Page 89 and 90: movement; yet both simultaneously s
Page 91 and 92: the pages of The Humming Bird, in 1
Page 93 and 94: Britain’s working class as well a
Page 95 and 96: Thomas Clarkson once again toured G
Page 97 and 98: It was the trial of missionary John
Page 99 and 100: planter, Member of Parliament, and
Page 101 and 102: continued abolitionist agitation. T
Page 103 and 104: was linked directly to slave rebell
Page 105 and 106: The Female Society for Birmingham f
Page 107 and 108: enevolent associations in this peri
Page 109 and 110: Discarded Negroes in the Island of
Page 111 and 112: focused on emancipation, claiming t
Page 113 and 114: Slavery Associations also listed tr
Page 115 and 116: donations and subscriptions in 1829
Page 117 and 118: emphasized the dangers of consumpti
Page 119 and 120: British consumers, Cropper argued,
Page 121 and 122: “Speculations on the comparative
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activism. Between 1815 and 1819, wa
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should begin at home. 93 Reviewing
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working class and the enslaved Afri
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The second abstention campaign enga
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PART II THE AMERICAN FREE-PRODUCE M
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1830 and in the Liberator in 1831.
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As editor of the “Ladies’ Repos
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Quakers and the Free Produce Moveme
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development. 15 In 1789, Drinker pu
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slaveholders. In addition to elimin
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that uncritical acceptance of the s
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impossible to distinguish between f
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power in Philadelphia. Both were di
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From the beginning, the “Ladies
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Department” harbored radical pote
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Repository” to promote women’s
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about slavery. 55 As one the earlie
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A sweet rich juice, which White men
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the poem can only make the briefest
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Again” and “The Sugar-Plums”
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inches high in standard alphabetic
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C. Gunn to address the group on the
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and women’s activism in abolition
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interference of women.” Chandler
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made eight years later calling for
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CHAPTER 4 “OH FAINT YOU NOT, YE G
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of the transatlantic abolitionist a
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Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers both
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address proposed that Hicksite Frie
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after the schism, Orthodox Quakers
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Ohio and Pennsylvania petitions. Th
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Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Orthod
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Quakers’ reluctance to take colle
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statements against slavery, but cau
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Hicksite men of Green Street mocked
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For the first time, Quaker women jo
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earn a sufficient income. By 1840,
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to their board. New York women were
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At the 1838 convention, women passe
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widely available. In the meantime,
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forms of female activism that reinf
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anti-slavery societies, Massachuset
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Gunn to participate in the conventi
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White and other owners of free-labo
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cotton, which was subsequently manu
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interests at the international meet
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with the publication of a circular
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Elizabeth Pease played a key role i
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wrote Pease that the BIS had “cla
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was the most effective tactic: “Y
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PART III THE TRANSATLANTIC FREE-PRO
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North. In 1837, the delegates of th
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evident in the way British and Amer
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invigorated by the victories of 183
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on American abolitionists to send
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admission of the female delegates,
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presented earlier in the week. 17 T
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American abolitionists’ antipathy
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American Free Produce in the 1840s
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presented a resolution to dissolve
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In the 1830s Quaker abolitionists j
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challenged Friends to examine their
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for the slave; rather, Derkin asked
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attendance at the annual meeting be
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esolution that was tabled by member
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CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION [T]o urge [fre
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Wrongs and Their Remedy. There is D
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League of Universal Brotherhood. In
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statement, yet, because women’s p
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Association was integrated by gende
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. . . so I decided many years ago n
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts American A
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Freedom’s Journal The Friend The
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Anti-Slavery Society. London: Eller
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________. The History of the Rise,
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the Counsel on Each Side, and the F
Page 275 and 276:
Hicks, Elias. Observations on the S
Page 277 and 278:
Narrative of the Proceedings of the
Page 279 and 280:
Taylor, Clare. British and American
Page 281 and 282:
Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture
Page 283 and 284:
Clark, Elizabeth B. “‘The Sacre
Page 285 and 286:
Dillon, Merton L. Benjamin Lundy an
Page 287 and 288:
Gratzer, Walter. Terrors of the Tab
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Ingle, H. Larry. “‘A Ball That
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Margolin, Sam. “‘And Freedom to
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Nelson, Elizabeth White. Market Sen
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Westbrook, and R. D. de Prospo, 73-
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________. The Devotion of These Wom
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________. Radical Satire and Print
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Dr. Holcomb is also a member of the
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