THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT - The University of Texas at Arlington

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Germany. Accum’s Treatise listed contaminants in foods and identified the names and addresses of suppliers of poisoned goods. Unlike the servant of the Old Testament, the food suppliers of Treatise were aware of the contaminated nature of their consumables. Describing Treatise as a “lurid production,” historian Walter Gratzer notes that the first printing of one thousand copies sold out within the first month and went through numerous editions, even after the author left England in disgrace and fear from fabricated accusations of theft and vandalism. 4 Thus, Richardson’s use of “There is death in the pot” suggested to consumers the contamination of slave-produced foods and the complicity of slaveholders and merchants in the poisoning of domestic consumers. “There is death in the pot” also emphasized the moral and economic basis for abstention. During the 1850s, Garnet promoted free produce as a powerful weapon against slavery, though it mattered little to him whether supporters were drawn to the movement by economic or moral motives. Garnet along with the Richardsons sustained the free- produce movement and drew other abstainers into their circle of influence. In the black abolitionist community, Samuel Ringgold Ward and Alexander Crummell promoted free produce as a practical tactic and a moral responsibility. Elihu Burritt, founder of the League of Universal Brotherhood and publisher of The Bond of Brotherhood, supported free labor and worked with Anna Richardson. An American, Burritt had moved to London in the mid-1840s. Richardson and Burritt met through the former’s involvement in her local Olive Leaf Circle, a network of peace groups associated with Burritt’s 4 Walter Gratzer, Terrors of the Table: The Curious History of Nutrition (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005), 124-127. Gratzer notes “the cover depicted a spider’s web in the act of seizing its prey. Above was a skull and cross bones, surmounting an inscription that read ‘There is Death in the Pot.’” 216
League of Universal Brotherhood. In the mid-1850s, when Anna Richardson withdrew from active participation in the organized free-produce movement because of her husband’s illness, Burritt assumed editorial responsibilities for the Richardsons’ publication, The Slave. In the late 1850s, Garnet, inspired by Orthodox Quaker Benjamin Coates’s Cotton Cultivation in Africa, re-organized the African Civilization Society as part of an effort to increase the cultivation of free-labor cotton in Africa and displace from the British market slave-grown cotton from the American South. Despite the efforts of Garnet, Coates, the Richardsons, and Burritt, support for the free-produce movement continued to decline in the late 1850s. The presence of colonizationists like Coates left many radical free-produce supporters wary of the organization. 5 Despite its lengthy history, the free-produce movement failed to maintain a broad following. At its most popular, in the late eighteenth-century, abstention from slave- labor products drew nearly a half million supporters in England. In the nineteenth- century, however, British and American abstainers failed to replicate the heady days of the 1791-1792 boycott. The failure of the free-produce movement to develop a sustainable following or to end slavery has led historians to dismiss abstention as a footnote in the history of abolitionism. The problem with earlier historical assessments 5 Ibid., 119-124, 143-144, 162-194; Lapsansky-Warner, Back to Africa, 33-34; Faulkner, “The Root of the Evil,” 400-403. See also Henry Highland Garnet to Samuel Rhodes, December 5, 1850, in The Black Abolitionist Papers: The British Isles, 1830-1865, C. Peter Ripley, ed. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1983), I: 232. Celebrating the increasing interest of British capitalists, Garnet told Rhodes, “Allowing their motives to be purely commercial, yet the effect of their movement will be the same upon slavery, and will do the same thing that those benevolent people desire who base their efforts upon humane and moral principles.” See also Benjamin Coates, Cotton Cultivation in Africa. Suggestions on the Importance of the Cultivation of Cotton in Africa, in Reference to the Abolition of Slavery in the United States, Through the Organization of an African Civilization Society (Philadelphia: C. Sherman and Son, 1858). Coates hoped the organization would appeal to Friends who were reluctant to join the more political anti-slavery or colonization movements. 217
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“THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT”: WO
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To Stan
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support, collegiality, and humor. T
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summer seminar, Passages to Freedom
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Supervising Professor: Sam W. Hayne
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1
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PREFACE The grocer takes your 6d. [
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Garrison’s rejection of free prod
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an anti-slavery tactic, one which,
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the chronology of women’s activis
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to “prize goods.” Removing men,
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and even the flesh of the slaves wh
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women possessed these characteristi
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to their constitution recommending
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Produce Association. Mott, Pugh, an
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colony in Africa. 46 Scorned even b
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that are the focus of Salerno’s s
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Unlike earlier histories of abstent
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the context of the Anglo-American a
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PART I THE BRITISH ABSTENTION MOVEM
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meats which are presented to each p
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debate about the nature of commerce
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Fox’s fiery pamphlet, Britons abs
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William Fox, Martha Gurney, and Sug
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The partnership of Gurney and Fox t
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itself more with the abstention mov
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Fox’s argument for abstention res
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praised the effects of tea and impl
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Careful, believed a well-equipped t
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the “spreading leprosy taints ev
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ousing readers to feel sympathy but
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enevolence is reflected in two poli
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careful weighing of the sugar and M
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stories of husbands and fathers ret
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Address allegedly authored by a wom
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sensibility. He declared, “Your c
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interested than she admitted. 76 Wh
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“[Are] we justified in transporti
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Contaminated by blood, sugar failed
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their own hearings about the trade.
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evive the slave trade debate again
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a poor dead Negro’s finger or toe
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that female consumers had themselve
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movement; yet both simultaneously s
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the pages of The Humming Bird, in 1
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Britain’s working class as well a
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Thomas Clarkson once again toured G
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It was the trial of missionary John
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planter, Member of Parliament, and
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continued abolitionist agitation. T
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was linked directly to slave rebell
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The Female Society for Birmingham f
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enevolent associations in this peri
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Discarded Negroes in the Island of
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focused on emancipation, claiming t
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Slavery Associations also listed tr
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donations and subscriptions in 1829
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emphasized the dangers of consumpti
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British consumers, Cropper argued,
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“Speculations on the comparative
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activism. Between 1815 and 1819, wa
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should begin at home. 93 Reviewing
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working class and the enslaved Afri
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The second abstention campaign enga
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PART II THE AMERICAN FREE-PRODUCE M
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1830 and in the Liberator in 1831.
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As editor of the “Ladies’ Repos
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Quakers and the Free Produce Moveme
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development. 15 In 1789, Drinker pu
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slaveholders. In addition to elimin
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that uncritical acceptance of the s
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impossible to distinguish between f
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power in Philadelphia. Both were di
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From the beginning, the “Ladies
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Department” harbored radical pote
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Repository” to promote women’s
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about slavery. 55 As one the earlie
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A sweet rich juice, which White men
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the poem can only make the briefest
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Again” and “The Sugar-Plums”
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inches high in standard alphabetic
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C. Gunn to address the group on the
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and women’s activism in abolition
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interference of women.” Chandler
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made eight years later calling for
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CHAPTER 4 “OH FAINT YOU NOT, YE G
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of the transatlantic abolitionist a
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Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers both
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address proposed that Hicksite Frie
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after the schism, Orthodox Quakers
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Ohio and Pennsylvania petitions. Th
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Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Orthod
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Quakers’ reluctance to take colle
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statements against slavery, but cau
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Hicksite men of Green Street mocked
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For the first time, Quaker women jo
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earn a sufficient income. By 1840,
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to their board. New York women were
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At the 1838 convention, women passe
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widely available. In the meantime,
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forms of female activism that reinf
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Page 213 and 214: interests at the international meet
Page 215 and 216: with the publication of a circular
Page 217 and 218: Elizabeth Pease played a key role i
Page 219 and 220: wrote Pease that the BIS had “cla
Page 221 and 222: was the most effective tactic: “Y
Page 223 and 224: PART III THE TRANSATLANTIC FREE-PRO
Page 225 and 226: North. In 1837, the delegates of th
Page 227 and 228: evident in the way British and Amer
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Page 231 and 232: on American abolitionists to send
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Page 239 and 240: American Free Produce in the 1840s
Page 241 and 242: presented a resolution to dissolve
Page 243 and 244: In the 1830s Quaker abolitionists j
Page 245 and 246: challenged Friends to examine their
Page 247 and 248: for the slave; rather, Derkin asked
Page 249 and 250: attendance at the annual meeting be
Page 251 and 252: esolution that was tabled by member
Page 253 and 254: CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION [T]o urge [fre
Page 255: Wrongs and Their Remedy. There is D
Page 259 and 260: statement, yet, because women’s p
Page 261 and 262: Association was integrated by gende
Page 263 and 264: . . . so I decided many years ago n
Page 265 and 266: BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts American A
Page 267 and 268: Freedom’s Journal The Friend The
Page 269 and 270: Anti-Slavery Society. London: Eller
Page 271 and 272: ________. The History of the Rise,
Page 273 and 274: the Counsel on Each Side, and the F
Page 275 and 276: Hicks, Elias. Observations on the S
Page 277 and 278: Narrative of the Proceedings of the
Page 279 and 280: Taylor, Clare. British and American
Page 281 and 282: Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture
Page 283 and 284: Clark, Elizabeth B. “‘The Sacre
Page 285 and 286: Dillon, Merton L. Benjamin Lundy an
Page 287 and 288: Gratzer, Walter. Terrors of the Tab
Page 289 and 290: Ingle, H. Larry. “‘A Ball That
Page 291 and 292: Margolin, Sam. “‘And Freedom to
Page 293 and 294: Nelson, Elizabeth White. Market Sen
Page 295 and 296: Westbrook, and R. D. de Prospo, 73-
Page 297 and 298: ________. The Devotion of These Wom
Page 299 and 300: ________. Radical Satire and Print
Page 301: Dr. Holcomb is also a member of the
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