THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT - The University of Texas at Arlington

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and non-Quakers to establish an international free-produce movement are essential to understanding transatlantic abolitionism. This dissertation recovers and critically interprets the transatlantic free-produce movement from the late-eighteenth through the mid-nineteenth century, revealing the key role women played in the protracted battle for the abolition of slavery. Recognizing the importance of abstention to the abolitionist movement broadens the period of women’s activism to the eighteenth century, more than forty years prior to the organizational activity of the 1830s that serves as the traditional starting point for histories of women’s abolitionism. Abstention reveals the ways in which British and American women crossed generational, gender, geographic, religious as well as class and racial boundaries on behalf of the slave. This study places abstention and abolitionism within the context of the market revolution, examining abstainers’ debates about the morality of the marketplace. Rather than political economy, abstainers urged Britons and Americans alike to create a moral economy, which privileged humanity and justice over financial profit. Asserting the importance of moral suasion and consistency in abolitionist activity, abstainers challenged the greed and racism that supported the transatlantic economy in this period. In doing so, abstainers called for the radical reform of society. xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................v ABSTRACT .........................................................................................................................x LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ........................................................................................... xiv LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................xv PREFACE ........................................................................................................................ xvi Chapter PART I: THE BRITISH ABSTENTION MOVEMENT 1. “VITAL BLOOD”: THE EIGHTEENTH- CENTURY ABSTENTION CAMPAIGN ..............................................................2 2. “I AM A MAN YOUR BROTHER”: ELIZABETH HEYRICK AND THE SECOND BRITISH ABSTENTION CAMPAIGN ..........................................................................................................48 PART II: THE AMERICAN FREE-PRODUCE MOVEMENT 3. “WHEN WOMAN’S HEART IS BLEEDING”: ELIZABETH MARGARET CHANDLER AND THE EARLY AMERICAN FREE PRODUCE MOVEMENT .....................................................................................92 4. “OH FAINT YOU NOT, YE GATHERED BAND!”: CREATING AN AMERICAN FREE PRODUCE COMMUNITY ......................................................................133 xii
Page 1 and 2: “THERE IS DEATH IN THE POT”: WO
Page 3 and 4: To Stan
Page 5 and 6: support, collegiality, and humor. T
Page 7 and 8: summer seminar, Passages to Freedom
Page 9: Supervising Professor: Sam W. Hayne
Page 13 and 14: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1
Page 15 and 16: PREFACE The grocer takes your 6d. [
Page 17 and 18: Garrison’s rejection of free prod
Page 19 and 20: an anti-slavery tactic, one which,
Page 21 and 22: the chronology of women’s activis
Page 23 and 24: to “prize goods.” Removing men,
Page 25 and 26: and even the flesh of the slaves wh
Page 27 and 28: women possessed these characteristi
Page 29 and 30: to their constitution recommending
Page 31 and 32: Produce Association. Mott, Pugh, an
Page 33 and 34: colony in Africa. 46 Scorned even b
Page 35 and 36: that are the focus of Salerno’s s
Page 37 and 38: Unlike earlier histories of abstent
Page 39 and 40: the context of the Anglo-American a
Page 41 and 42: PART I THE BRITISH ABSTENTION MOVEM
Page 43 and 44: meats which are presented to each p
Page 45 and 46: debate about the nature of commerce
Page 47 and 48: Fox’s fiery pamphlet, Britons abs
Page 49 and 50: William Fox, Martha Gurney, and Sug
Page 51 and 52: The partnership of Gurney and Fox t
Page 53 and 54: itself more with the abstention mov
Page 55 and 56: Fox’s argument for abstention res
Page 57 and 58: praised the effects of tea and impl
Page 59 and 60: Careful, believed a well-equipped t
Page 61 and 62:
the “spreading leprosy taints ev
Page 63 and 64:
ousing readers to feel sympathy but
Page 65 and 66:
enevolence is reflected in two poli
Page 67 and 68:
careful weighing of the sugar and M
Page 69 and 70:
stories of husbands and fathers ret
Page 71 and 72:
Address allegedly authored by a wom
Page 73 and 74:
sensibility. He declared, “Your c
Page 75 and 76:
interested than she admitted. 76 Wh
Page 77 and 78:
“[Are] we justified in transporti
Page 79 and 80:
Contaminated by blood, sugar failed
Page 81 and 82:
their own hearings about the trade.
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evive the slave trade debate again
Page 85 and 86:
a poor dead Negro’s finger or toe
Page 87 and 88:
that female consumers had themselve
Page 89 and 90:
movement; yet both simultaneously s
Page 91 and 92:
the pages of The Humming Bird, in 1
Page 93 and 94:
Britain’s working class as well a
Page 95 and 96:
Thomas Clarkson once again toured G
Page 97 and 98:
It was the trial of missionary John
Page 99 and 100:
planter, Member of Parliament, and
Page 101 and 102:
continued abolitionist agitation. T
Page 103 and 104:
was linked directly to slave rebell
Page 105 and 106:
The Female Society for Birmingham f
Page 107 and 108:
enevolent associations in this peri
Page 109 and 110:
Discarded Negroes in the Island of
Page 111 and 112:
focused on emancipation, claiming t
Page 113 and 114:
Slavery Associations also listed tr
Page 115 and 116:
donations and subscriptions in 1829
Page 117 and 118:
emphasized the dangers of consumpti
Page 119 and 120:
British consumers, Cropper argued,
Page 121 and 122:
“Speculations on the comparative
Page 123 and 124:
activism. Between 1815 and 1819, wa
Page 125 and 126:
should begin at home. 93 Reviewing
Page 127 and 128:
working class and the enslaved Afri
Page 129 and 130:
The second abstention campaign enga
Page 131 and 132:
PART II THE AMERICAN FREE-PRODUCE M
Page 133 and 134:
1830 and in the Liberator in 1831.
Page 135 and 136:
As editor of the “Ladies’ Repos
Page 137 and 138:
Quakers and the Free Produce Moveme
Page 139 and 140:
development. 15 In 1789, Drinker pu
Page 141 and 142:
slaveholders. In addition to elimin
Page 143 and 144:
that uncritical acceptance of the s
Page 145 and 146:
impossible to distinguish between f
Page 147 and 148:
power in Philadelphia. Both were di
Page 149 and 150:
From the beginning, the “Ladies
Page 151 and 152:
Department” harbored radical pote
Page 153 and 154:
Repository” to promote women’s
Page 155 and 156:
about slavery. 55 As one the earlie
Page 157 and 158:
A sweet rich juice, which White men
Page 159 and 160:
the poem can only make the briefest
Page 161 and 162:
Again” and “The Sugar-Plums”
Page 163 and 164:
inches high in standard alphabetic
Page 165 and 166:
C. Gunn to address the group on the
Page 167 and 168:
and women’s activism in abolition
Page 169 and 170:
interference of women.” Chandler
Page 171 and 172:
made eight years later calling for
Page 173 and 174:
CHAPTER 4 “OH FAINT YOU NOT, YE G
Page 175 and 176:
of the transatlantic abolitionist a
Page 177 and 178:
Orthodox and Hicksite Quakers both
Page 179 and 180:
address proposed that Hicksite Frie
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after the schism, Orthodox Quakers
Page 183 and 184:
Ohio and Pennsylvania petitions. Th
Page 185 and 186:
Philadelphia Yearly Meeting (Orthod
Page 187 and 188:
Quakers’ reluctance to take colle
Page 189 and 190:
statements against slavery, but cau
Page 191 and 192:
Hicksite men of Green Street mocked
Page 193 and 194:
For the first time, Quaker women jo
Page 195 and 196:
earn a sufficient income. By 1840,
Page 197 and 198:
to their board. New York women were
Page 199 and 200:
At the 1838 convention, women passe
Page 201 and 202:
widely available. In the meantime,
Page 203 and 204:
forms of female activism that reinf
Page 205 and 206:
anti-slavery societies, Massachuset
Page 207 and 208:
Gunn to participate in the conventi
Page 209 and 210:
White and other owners of free-labo
Page 211 and 212:
cotton, which was subsequently manu
Page 213 and 214:
interests at the international meet
Page 215 and 216:
with the publication of a circular
Page 217 and 218:
Elizabeth Pease played a key role i
Page 219 and 220:
wrote Pease that the BIS had “cla
Page 221 and 222:
was the most effective tactic: “Y
Page 223 and 224:
PART III THE TRANSATLANTIC FREE-PRO
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North. In 1837, the delegates of th
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evident in the way British and Amer
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invigorated by the victories of 183
Page 231 and 232:
on American abolitionists to send
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admission of the female delegates,
Page 235 and 236:
presented earlier in the week. 17 T
Page 237 and 238:
American abolitionists’ antipathy
Page 239 and 240:
American Free Produce in the 1840s
Page 241 and 242:
presented a resolution to dissolve
Page 243 and 244:
In the 1830s Quaker abolitionists j
Page 245 and 246:
challenged Friends to examine their
Page 247 and 248:
for the slave; rather, Derkin asked
Page 249 and 250:
attendance at the annual meeting be
Page 251 and 252:
esolution that was tabled by member
Page 253 and 254:
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION [T]o urge [fre
Page 255 and 256:
Wrongs and Their Remedy. There is D
Page 257 and 258:
League of Universal Brotherhood. In
Page 259 and 260:
statement, yet, because women’s p
Page 261 and 262:
Association was integrated by gende
Page 263 and 264:
. . . so I decided many years ago n
Page 265 and 266:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Manuscripts American A
Page 267 and 268:
Freedom’s Journal The Friend The
Page 269 and 270:
Anti-Slavery Society. London: Eller
Page 271 and 272:
________. The History of the Rise,
Page 273 and 274:
the Counsel on Each Side, and the F
Page 275 and 276:
Hicks, Elias. Observations on the S
Page 277 and 278:
Narrative of the Proceedings of the
Page 279 and 280:
Taylor, Clare. British and American
Page 281 and 282:
Barker-Benfield, G. J. The Culture
Page 283 and 284:
Clark, Elizabeth B. “‘The Sacre
Page 285 and 286:
Dillon, Merton L. Benjamin Lundy an
Page 287 and 288:
Gratzer, Walter. Terrors of the Tab
Page 289 and 290:
Ingle, H. Larry. “‘A Ball That
Page 291 and 292:
Margolin, Sam. “‘And Freedom to
Page 293 and 294:
Nelson, Elizabeth White. Market Sen
Page 295 and 296:
Westbrook, and R. D. de Prospo, 73-
Page 297 and 298:
________. The Devotion of These Wom
Page 299 and 300:
________. Radical Satire and Print
Page 301:
Dr. Holcomb is also a member of the
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