Soil Survey of Lincoln County, West Virginia - Soil Data Mart - US ...

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Soil Survey of Lincoln County, West Virginia somewhat from country to country. In the United States, soil horizons are designated by a code of letter and numbers. Master or major horizons are designated by capital letters. Subdivisions of master horizons are designated by numerical suffixes and horizon characteristics or features by lowercase letters. The A horizon is the surface layer. Typically, it is the layer of maximum accumulation of organic material and microbial activity. It is darkened by humified organic material and is generally the darkest layer in the soil profile. It is also the layer of maximum leaching, or eluviation, of clay and iron. If considerable leaching has taken place and organic matter has not darkened the soil material, an E horizon is formed. Consequently, this horizon is normally the lightest colored horizon in the profile. The B horizon underlies the A horizon and is commonly called the subsoil. It is the horizon of maximum accumulation, or illuviation, of clay, iron, aluminum, humus, or other compounds leached from the surface layer. Due to the relatively higher clay content, the B horizon generally has a more firm, moist consistence than the A horizon. For soils to have a distinct subsoil, they must be leached of lime and more soluble materials; however, in some soils, such as those in the Cloverlick and Highsplint series, the B horizon is formed mainly by the alteration of the original material rather than by illuviation. The alteration can be caused by the weathering of the parent material; the release of iron, which gives the soil a rusty color; or the development of soil structure instead of the original rock or sediment structure. The naturally well drained soils in the survey area generally have a yellowish brown or strong brown subsoil. These colors come from finely divided iron oxide minerals that coat the sand, silt, or clay particles. These iron oxides formed from iron released during the weathering of silica minerals in the present soil or in the parent material in which the soil developed. The C horizon is below the A and B horizons. It consists of material that is little altered by the soil-forming processes, but it can be modified by weathering. In young soils, such as those formed in recent alluvium or in deposited fill material, the C horizon is near or at the soil surface. In these soils, the B horizon, and in places even the A horizon, does not occur. Many processes have influenced the formation of horizons in the soils in Lincoln County. Among these are the accumulation of organic matter, the leaching of soluble constituents, the chemical reduction and movement of iron, the formation of soil structure, and the formation and translocation of clay minerals. These processes, which often operate simultaneously, have been going on for thousands of years. 230
References Soil Survey of Lincoln County, West Virginia American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO). 2004. Standard specifications for transportation materials and methods of sampling and testing. 24th edition. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). 2005. Standard classification of soils for engineering purposes. ASTM Standard D 2487-00. Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of wetlands and deep-water habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FWS/ OBS-79/31. Federal Register. July 13, 1994. Changes in hydric soils of the United States. Federal Register. September 18, 2002. Hydric soils of the United States. Hurt, G.W., P.M. Whited, and R.F. Pringle, editors. Version 5.0, 2002. Field indicators of hydric soils in the United States. Lambert, F.B. 1991. Lincoln County, West Virginia, and its people. National Research Council. 1995. Wetlands: Characteristics and boundaries. Soil Survey Division Staff. 1993. Soil survey manual. Soil Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 18. Soil Survey Staff. 1999. Soil taxonomy: A basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys. 2nd edition. Natural Resources Conservation Service. U.S. Department of Agriculture Handbook 436. Soil Survey Staff. 2003. Keys to soil taxonomy. 9th edition. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Tiner, R.W., Jr. 1985. Wetlands of Delaware. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Wetlands Section. United States Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers wetlands delineation manual. Waterways Experiment Station Technical Report Y-87-1. United States Department of Agriculture, National Agricultural Statistics Service. 1999. 1997 census of agriculture, volume 1, geographic area series, part 48, West Virginia state and county data. AC97-A-48. 231
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United States Department of Agricul
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Soil Survey of Lincoln County, West
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Foreword Soil Survey of Lincoln Cou
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Siltstone Gilpin Gilpin-Upshur Mosh
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Dissimilar inclusions: 20 percent S
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Limiting inclusions: Shallow soils
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Prime farmland: No Hydric soil: No
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Organic layer: 0 to 2 inches—slig
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Land capability classification: 2w
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Surface runoff: Medium Depth to bed
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Areas of bedrock escarpment Soil Su
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Wildlife Habitat Soil Survey of Lin
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Hydric Soils Soil Survey of Lincoln
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Soil Properties Soil Survey of Linc
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Value—4 to 6 Chroma—3 to 8 Text
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419 Table 17.--Engineering Index Pr
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439 Table 18.--Physical Properties
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NRCS Accessibility Statement The Na
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