The dissemination of divination in roman republican times

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heard from my professor that…” would it then make a difference to her credibility? We need to distinguish between the direct prestige from the proximate communicator (Louise) and the indirect prestige of the ultimate communicator (her professor). I have not been able to find research addressing this question. I therefore designed a study to determine whether such an indirect prestige effect would matter in divination, where the ultimate communicator is a counterintuitive agent. If the counterintuitive agent, associated with a divination practice, is of high prestige, it should be rated as more credible than if a low prestige one was associated. In order to test this, a story of the same form as in experiment 2 above was given. Experiment 3 Participants 40 participants, 17 male 23 female aged 16-20 (M=18,33, SD=1,3), 77,5 % from the Western Copenhagen Region (Himmelev Gymnasium) and 22,5% from Esbjerg at the west coast of Denmark (Esbjerg Gymnasium). They were primarily Christian protestant (49%) and Non-believers (44%). Other religious affiliations were 7%. Materials Above we saw that freely conferred gifts were one of the empirical indicators of prestige. This was used in this hypothetical story as an independent variable. One way of doing this was to manipulate the size of sacrifices, which can be considered gifts to the gods (Høgh-Olsen 2006): Low prestige god = sporadic offerings of dry bread, Medium prestige god = daily offerings of a meal, and High prestige god = sometimes elaborate festive banquettes of the finest food. As in experiment 2a fictive story was composed. 79 This story was situated among the fictive tribe Kalungi in West Africa. The main character had to find out the reason for his wife’s barrenness. 80 A prescript read: “The Kalungi in West Africa have different specialists, whom they often employ to reveal hidden causes of people’s misfortune. They are all considered reliable and have a good reputation.” The specialists were described as communicating with a god. The technique was not further specified. The only thing that differed between the different specialists was the amount of sacrifice offered to the god with whom they communicated. The sequence in which the different diviners were presented was randomized into three different sets. Then participants were asked to circle the diviner they 79 See appendix 3 for an English translation of the story. 80 This is a typical reason for consultation based on the ethnographic record (Evans-Pritchard 1937: 261-262; Jackson 1978; e.g. Mendonsa 1982: 114). 102
thought it most likely the main character would consult. The dependent measure was thus the diviner chosen. It is assumed that the most credible diviner is the one selected. Design and Procedure 3(Set) x 1(Prestige) with prestige as a within subject variable and set as a between subject variable. The procedure was the same as in experiment 1, and the same instructions were given. The different sets were randomly assigned to the participants. Results There were no overall effects of Set on Prestige, so the different sets were collapsed into one for further statistical analysis. We should expect the prestige-bias to create a preference for the diviners communicating with gods of high prestige. The distribution of responses can be seen on figure 4.8. 20 15 Frequency 10 5 0 Kalungi Low Medium High Prestige of God Figure 4.8. Choice of diviner based on the prestige of the god involved. The overall distribution is significant (χ 2 (2) = 11.105, p
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The Dissemination of Divination in
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Chapter 8 - Sources to Roman Divina
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List of Figures Figure 3.1. Types o
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Acknowledgements Certain parts of t
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people. It is almost unanimously ag
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that precludes the investigation fr
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asic cognitive functions could acco
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Lienard & Feeney 2006), prayer (Bar
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“the making clear of something”
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In chapter 5 it is argued that obla
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Chapter 1 - History of divination a
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with *-eu appears in two forms. One
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involving the Korinthian Polyidos.
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The 15 th edition of the Encyclopae
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Chapter 2 - A History of Modern Div
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and games of chance a secondary dev
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causes. This is also the case conce
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Evans-Pritchard also uses a lot of
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through casting the decision “upo
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transformed and new relations are g
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Somewhat between the great currents
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efutations. With this article Zeitl
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the function of divination. Special
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Chapter 3 - Definition and typology
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means signs obtained from the gods
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Page 53 and 54: Chapter 4 - Impetrative Divination
Page 55 and 56: ontogenetic histories. Some feeling
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Page 63 and 64: It was argued that emotion was cent
Page 65 and 66: Figure 4.2. Intentional action It i
Page 67 and 68: Figure 4.4. Ritualized action in di
Page 69 and 70: was the counterintuitive agent who
Page 71 and 72: education. 43 These problems requir
Page 73 and 74: Credibility 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
Page 75 and 76: Clairvoyant, and Astrologist. There
Page 77 and 78: Materials A booklet similar to the
Page 79 and 80: Summary The thesis of this chapter
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Page 83 and 84: Let us presently consider how hyper
Page 85 and 86: 1963). Michotte had subjects watch
Page 87 and 88: another that they were playing agai
Page 89 and 90: monkeys. There is evidence that in
Page 91 and 92: Sperber and Wilson programmatically
Page 93 and 94: humans communicate by producing sig
Page 95 and 96: Let us consider some examples of th
Page 97 and 98: Henrich and Gil-White supply precis
Page 99 and 100: communicator (T.S. Elliot) or a mil
Page 101: professors are not routinely attrib
Page 105 and 106: Chapter 5 - Oblative divination 82
Page 107 and 108: her life”. 85 In the example the
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Page 111 and 112: answer. In oblative divination the
Page 113 and 114: Figure 6.1. brings together the obs
Page 115 and 116: questions on how much disease there
Page 117 and 118: While many good and detailed models
Page 119 and 120: Unexpected event Figure 6.3. Web of
Page 121 and 122: Chapter 7 - Research history on Rom
Page 123 and 124: assumption is that divination, espe
Page 125 and 126: It can be seen that Latte's as well
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Page 129 and 130: vastly different views on what legi
Page 131 and 132: & Scheid 1994; Linder & Scheid 1993
Page 133 and 134: the observation. If the fear thesis
Page 135 and 136: Based on the evidence available to
Page 137 and 138: linear regression analysis was made
Page 139 and 140: criticism of it. His antiquarian cu
Page 141 and 142: Post-republican writers Verrius Fla
Page 143 and 144: M. Servius Honoratus Marius Servius
Page 145 and 146: The only full description we have o
Page 147 and 148: called interpretes Iovi, interprete
Page 149 and 150: All places where auspices should be
Page 151 and 152: anyhow. There is therefore no reaso
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The credibility value of the greate
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according to Cicero, the point is t
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Utility and Credibility value The a
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History Since it is mentioned in th
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Technique Let us consider public so
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Private sortition Private sortition
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shuffled the lots and drew one 149
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Extispicy is a form of divination w
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public use of extispicy are perform
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(North 1990). In Etruria these indi
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Sibylline books The Sibylline Books
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The word vates can probably be trac
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counterintuitive agent. In all the
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Howevere, there are practices in wh
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Technique Descriptives Credibility
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History Let us see how these observ
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Summary To summarize the conclusion
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as specified in equation 3, but it
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Dissemination Private sortition Pub
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“may the gods avert (bad) omens
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excelled every race and every natio
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calf ran away and spattered many of
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the cultural model of omens, identi
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very widespread 196 and along with
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Although there is great imprecision
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1,2 1 0,4 0,2 0 Omen words in Greek
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e distinguished: nuntiatio, relatio
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ating whether a prodigy involved a
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Year BCE 218-190 189-162 160-132 13
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distinction between public and priv
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140,00 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 40
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two seem to have been used in the c
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8) Sacrificia vetusta occultaque mi
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The actual interpretations we hear
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this type among the prodigia, where
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consideration here the cultural mod
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encounter of people using it to a g
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action. It was argued that these re
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investigate the dissemination of di
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practices that did not survive were
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divination. At the same time the op
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Appendix 1 The Kurabi among the Mwa
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Appendix 2 The Guzul In Central Aus
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Appendix 4 Roman Words Omen Prodigi
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Theocritus 21261 1.88 1.88 0 0 0.32
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Moon fell down Capua Goats got wool
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Note: *this is possibly not a separ
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Temple of Ceres struck by lightning
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Sheep with two heads born Suessa Pi
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12 year old hermaphrodite discovere
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Cows were talking Campania Bronze c
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*This prodigy may be the same as th
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156 Storm destroys sacred places on
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* Since the Graecostasis was right
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An owl was seen on the Capitol Roma
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* Rasmussen counts as two (Rasmusse
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Sun formed a disc like a shield at
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Two calfs were found in the entrail
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Fire in the sky Note: While this pr
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Tornado ripped of roofs Bridge coll
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Doors to the temple of Fortuna open
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Appendix 6 Examples of counterintui
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Bibliography Primary Sources 220 La
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Secondary sources Abbink, J. 1993:
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Bering, J. M. and Johnson, D. P. 20
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Callaway, H. 1970: The Religious Sy
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Dumezil, G. 1970: Archaic Roman Rel
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Guillaumont, F. 1984: Philosophe et
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Koenig, M. A., Clement, F., and Har
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Luterbacher, F. 1967: Der Prodigien
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Patton, L. L. 2000: "The Magic in M
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Schilling, R. 1979: "A propos des "
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Taylor, L. R. 1949: Party Politics
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Woodward, J. 2000: "Explanation and
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Oprindeligt blev divination forklar
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menneskelig perception eller ræson
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I kapitel 6 sammenlignes observatio
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Den sidste ligning udtrykker, at sa
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The dissemination of divination in roman republican times

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