The dissemination of divination in roman republican times

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credibility value in different societies. That could in turn help us explore the differences between the particular ideas of different cultures. More generally, it is possible to further develop this approach to account for other cultural phenomena. The focus on risk factors and web of causation is a helpful heuristic that may serve to finally integrate cognitive, ecological and social factors as Dan Sperber originally proposed. This would have to be done with a focus on specific phenomena in specific cultures, which in turn could also stimulate new questions for cognitive experiments. In general I hope to have shown that a cognitive historiography is at least feasible, but also that it may even be helpful. It can throw new light on both history and cognitive science. On the one hand we saw that traditional historical problems such as the distribution of prodigies, or the apparent formality of divination ritual could be explained by integrating cognitive explanations. On the other hand we also saw that the real life importance of cognitive factors such as direct and indirect prestige, ritualization and category employed in divination, could not be deduced from the isolated cognitive experiments. Only in the investigation of concrete practices could we see that ritualization was a sine qua non, direct prestige the most important factor, indirect prestige only vaguely important, and finally the category employed in divination as altogether insignificant. Based on the cognitive research, they all seemed to be equally important. Thus the results of the cognitive historiography proposed here may aid both history and cognitive science. The experiment has been to combine the in vitro methods of cognitive science with in vivo methods of history to provide a synergic effect that can improve our knowledge of the phenomenon of divination. 234
Appendix 1 The Kurabi among the Mwambesi in Africa Among the Mwambesi in Africa they have a kurabi who, they say, can predict the future by throwing pebbles to the floor. From the configuration of pebbles he throws to the floor he can tell what will happen in the future. Kalanga, a Mwambesi, had planned to go to a nearby city tomorrow. The road to the city is sometimes hit by raiders, and some have even been killed. Kalanga doesn’t know when they will be there, and he has to go to the city to sell his produce soon. He has heard that the kurabi can foretell the future, so he has come to find out when he should go to the city. Kalanga pays the diviner a sizeable amount of money. The kurabi, who has no knowledge of the whereabouts of the pirates, 1) Takes the pebbles in his right hand, puts them in a pattern on the floor… 2) Takes the pebbles in his right hand, beats his hands against each other 5 times, and throws them to the floor… 3) The kurabi had just finished putting the stones into a pattern when he came… 4) The kurabi's hand bumps into a chair and he drops the pebbles to the floor… The kurabi looks at the pebbles and says that it is safe to travel today. How likely do you find it that Kalanga will embark on this trip today? 1(very unlikely) - 5(very likely) How likely do you find it that Kalanga feels he got good advice? 1(very unlikely) - 5(very likely) The dendrologer in Toronto In Toronto they have a dendrologer who can determine whether a choice is good or bad by the use of two sticks. Eva, who has just finished high school, doesn’t know whether to study chemistry or medicine. He has to decide today, and he knows that the choice will influence the rest of his life. He likes both, but each in a different way. A close friend of his told him that the dendrologer could help him make his choice. So Eva goes to the dendrologer, who has never seen Eva before, and pays a significant amount of money to tell him whether he should study chemistry. 1) The dendrologer puts the two sticks into a V shape… 2) The dendrologer places the sticks beside of each other in an upright position and lets them fall. They end up in a V shape… 3) The dendrologer looks at the sticks lying at the table in a V shape… 235
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The Dissemination of Divination in
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Chapter 8 - Sources to Roman Divina
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List of Figures Figure 3.1. Types o
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Acknowledgements Certain parts of t
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people. It is almost unanimously ag
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that precludes the investigation fr
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asic cognitive functions could acco
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Lienard & Feeney 2006), prayer (Bar
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“the making clear of something”
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In chapter 5 it is argued that obla
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Chapter 1 - History of divination a
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with *-eu appears in two forms. One
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involving the Korinthian Polyidos.
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The 15 th edition of the Encyclopae
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Chapter 2 - A History of Modern Div
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and games of chance a secondary dev
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causes. This is also the case conce
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Evans-Pritchard also uses a lot of
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through casting the decision “upo
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transformed and new relations are g
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Somewhat between the great currents
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efutations. With this article Zeitl
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the function of divination. Special
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Chapter 3 - Definition and typology
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means signs obtained from the gods
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producer. In this case we see that
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Chapter 4 - Impetrative Divination
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ontogenetic histories. Some feeling
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direct people in their life. It can
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or potential misfortune or lack of
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Before making blood-brotherhood Bef
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It was argued that emotion was cent
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Figure 4.2. Intentional action It i
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Figure 4.4. Ritualized action in di
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was the counterintuitive agent who
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education. 43 These problems requir
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Credibility 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
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Clairvoyant, and Astrologist. There
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Materials A booklet similar to the
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Summary The thesis of this chapter
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present existence, as the slogan go
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Let us presently consider how hyper
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1963). Michotte had subjects watch
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another that they were playing agai
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monkeys. There is evidence that in
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Sperber and Wilson programmatically
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humans communicate by producing sig
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Let us consider some examples of th
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Henrich and Gil-White supply precis
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communicator (T.S. Elliot) or a mil
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professors are not routinely attrib
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thought it most likely the main cha
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Chapter 5 - Oblative divination 82
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her life”. 85 In the example the
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in the city. To most modern people
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answer. In oblative divination the
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Figure 6.1. brings together the obs
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questions on how much disease there
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While many good and detailed models
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Unexpected event Figure 6.3. Web of
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Chapter 7 - Research history on Rom
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assumption is that divination, espe
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It can be seen that Latte's as well
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oth shared the same attitude toward
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vastly different views on what legi
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& Scheid 1994; Linder & Scheid 1993
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the observation. If the fear thesis
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Based on the evidence available to
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linear regression analysis was made
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criticism of it. His antiquarian cu
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Post-republican writers Verrius Fla
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M. Servius Honoratus Marius Servius
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The only full description we have o
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called interpretes Iovi, interprete
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All places where auspices should be
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anyhow. There is therefore no reaso
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The credibility value of the greate
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according to Cicero, the point is t
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Utility and Credibility value The a
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History Since it is mentioned in th
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Technique Let us consider public so
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Private sortition Private sortition
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shuffled the lots and drew one 149
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Extispicy is a form of divination w
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public use of extispicy are perform
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(North 1990). In Etruria these indi
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Sibylline books The Sibylline Books
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The word vates can probably be trac
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counterintuitive agent. In all the
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Howevere, there are practices in wh
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Technique Descriptives Credibility
Page 183 and 184: History Let us see how these observ
Page 185 and 186: Summary To summarize the conclusion
Page 187 and 188: as specified in equation 3, but it
Page 189 and 190: Dissemination Private sortition Pub
Page 191 and 192: “may the gods avert (bad) omens
Page 193 and 194: excelled every race and every natio
Page 195 and 196: calf ran away and spattered many of
Page 197 and 198: the cultural model of omens, identi
Page 199 and 200: very widespread 196 and along with
Page 201 and 202: Although there is great imprecision
Page 203 and 204: 1,2 1 0,4 0,2 0 Omen words in Greek
Page 205 and 206: e distinguished: nuntiatio, relatio
Page 207 and 208: ating whether a prodigy involved a
Page 209 and 210: Year BCE 218-190 189-162 160-132 13
Page 211 and 212: distinction between public and priv
Page 213 and 214: 140,00 120,00 100,00 80,00 60,00 40
Page 215 and 216: two seem to have been used in the c
Page 217 and 218: 8) Sacrificia vetusta occultaque mi
Page 219 and 220: The actual interpretations we hear
Page 221 and 222: this type among the prodigia, where
Page 223 and 224: consideration here the cultural mod
Page 225 and 226: encounter of people using it to a g
Page 227 and 228: action. It was argued that these re
Page 229 and 230: investigate the dissemination of di
Page 231 and 232: practices that did not survive were
Page 233: divination. At the same time the op
Page 237 and 238: Appendix 2 The Guzul In Central Aus
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 4 Roman Words Omen Prodigi
Page 241 and 242: Theocritus 21261 1.88 1.88 0 0 0.32
Page 243 and 244: Moon fell down Capua Goats got wool
Page 245 and 246: Note: *this is possibly not a separ
Page 247 and 248: Temple of Ceres struck by lightning
Page 249 and 250: Sheep with two heads born Suessa Pi
Page 251 and 252: 12 year old hermaphrodite discovere
Page 253 and 254: Cows were talking Campania Bronze c
Page 255 and 256: *This prodigy may be the same as th
Page 257 and 258: 156 Storm destroys sacred places on
Page 259 and 260: * Since the Graecostasis was right
Page 261 and 262: An owl was seen on the Capitol Roma
Page 263 and 264: * Rasmussen counts as two (Rasmusse
Page 265 and 266: Sun formed a disc like a shield at
Page 267 and 268: Two calfs were found in the entrail
Page 269 and 270: Fire in the sky Note: While this pr
Page 271 and 272: Tornado ripped of roofs Bridge coll
Page 273 and 274: Doors to the temple of Fortuna open
Page 275 and 276: Appendix 6 Examples of counterintui
Page 277 and 278: Bibliography Primary Sources 220 La
Page 279 and 280: Secondary sources Abbink, J. 1993:
Page 281 and 282: Bering, J. M. and Johnson, D. P. 20
Page 283 and 284: Callaway, H. 1970: The Religious Sy
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Dumezil, G. 1970: Archaic Roman Rel
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Guillaumont, F. 1984: Philosophe et
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Koenig, M. A., Clement, F., and Har
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Luterbacher, F. 1967: Der Prodigien
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Patton, L. L. 2000: "The Magic in M
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Schilling, R. 1979: "A propos des "
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Taylor, L. R. 1949: Party Politics
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Woodward, J. 2000: "Explanation and
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Oprindeligt blev divination forklar
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menneskelig perception eller ræson
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I kapitel 6 sammenlignes observatio
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Den sidste ligning udtrykker, at sa
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