The dissemination of divination in roman republican times

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objects and 6 made use of animals in the sign production. It still could be partly correct if the animal techniques were more credible, but out of the six practices with a high credibility value 3 are object techniques and 3 are animal and out of six practices with low credibility value 3 were object techniques and 3 were animal. The conclusion must therefore be that the category used in the sign production has no consequences for the credibility of divination in Roman republican times. This also reflects back on the experiment. The results may be culture specific or they may measure something else. Direct prestige The direct prestige was stipulated to be of great consequence to the credibility of the divinatory information. It was stipulated to work directly through the agent associated with the action, that is, the operator or in case where this differed, the interpreter. There is an almost perfect correlation between direct prestige and credibility value. The practices with the highest credibility values (auspices) were also reserved for the most prestigious individuals, the highest magistrates, and the practices with the lowest were performed by the least prestigious, often foreigners outside or below the Roman status system. Even within practices the credibility value was divided. In the auspices the higher auspices belonged to the higher magistrates, and the lower to the lower magistrates. The higher overruled the lower. We also see this result in practices that are used privately. For example we see the haruspices employed by the lowest stratum of society. They were ridiculed and mocked by the elite. But the haruspices of the elite were employed by the greatest men of the Republic and their interpretations were well respected and had a high credibility value. Indirect prestige It was also stipulated that the indirect prestige of the counterintuitive agent correlates with the credibility value. The example of public extispicy however shows that although the public haruspices would often sacrifice to Jupiter the credibility value of their pronouncement was not high. Conversely, sometimes in private extispicy the entrails would give messages from Jupiter. This did not make the credibility value higher. The indirect prestige of the associated counterintuitive agent is thus secondary to the direct prestige and seems to depend on it. 178
Howevere, there are practices in which indirect prestige makes a significant difference in credibility. Concerning the Sibylline Books, the priesthood responsible was of the same overall social class as the augurs. The only difference was that the Sibylline Books were not associated with Jupiter, but with the Sibyl or Apollo, which were of lower status in the Roman pantheon. This difference in the prestige level of the counterintuitive agent seems to account for the credibility value being lower for the Sibylline Books. Utility In chapter 4 we found that the utility characteristic of a practice were a combination of form and subject. We identified three different types of form: binary, discrete and rich plus two types of subject constraints: restrained and open. These two characteristics can be combined in a two by three matrix. Each combination corresponds to an actual Roman divination practice. Form Binary Discrete Rich Subject Restrained Auspices Public sortition Sibylline Books Open Roman extispicy Private sortition Private extispicy Table 9.1. Utility of Roman divination practices If we look at the binary/restrained form, all kinds of auspices fit into this category. An example is the auspicium ex tripudio where the goal is to determine whether or not to attack. Public sortition is also restrained, but it is a discrete type because two or more alternatives are offered. An example of this is the assignment of provinces. In the practice involving the Sibylline Books we also see a restrained practice, but combined with a rich form. It is restrained because it is only in a specific situation, one of national crisis, that the senate orders them consulted. It is rich because it can give a lot more details and information in the form of interpretation and recommendation of rites. The open practices can be used to give answers to a wide range of questions. Roman extispicy is a binary and open type because it answers whether or not what is specified in the prayer will come true. In principle anything could be asked for in a prayer. Private sortition is open because anything could be asked, and discrete because specific alternatives should be attached to the lots used for the draw. An 179
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The Dissemination of Divination in
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Chapter 8 - Sources to Roman Divina
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List of Figures Figure 3.1. Types o
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Acknowledgements Certain parts of t
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people. It is almost unanimously ag
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that precludes the investigation fr
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asic cognitive functions could acco
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Lienard & Feeney 2006), prayer (Bar
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“the making clear of something”
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In chapter 5 it is argued that obla
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Chapter 1 - History of divination a
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with *-eu appears in two forms. One
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involving the Korinthian Polyidos.
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The 15 th edition of the Encyclopae
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Chapter 2 - A History of Modern Div
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and games of chance a secondary dev
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causes. This is also the case conce
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Evans-Pritchard also uses a lot of
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through casting the decision “upo
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transformed and new relations are g
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Somewhat between the great currents
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efutations. With this article Zeitl
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the function of divination. Special
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Chapter 3 - Definition and typology
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means signs obtained from the gods
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producer. In this case we see that
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Chapter 4 - Impetrative Divination
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ontogenetic histories. Some feeling
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direct people in their life. It can
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or potential misfortune or lack of
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Before making blood-brotherhood Bef
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It was argued that emotion was cent
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Figure 4.2. Intentional action It i
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Figure 4.4. Ritualized action in di
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was the counterintuitive agent who
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education. 43 These problems requir
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Credibility 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
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Clairvoyant, and Astrologist. There
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Materials A booklet similar to the
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Summary The thesis of this chapter
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present existence, as the slogan go
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Let us presently consider how hyper
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1963). Michotte had subjects watch
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another that they were playing agai
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monkeys. There is evidence that in
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Sperber and Wilson programmatically
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humans communicate by producing sig
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Let us consider some examples of th
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Henrich and Gil-White supply precis
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communicator (T.S. Elliot) or a mil
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professors are not routinely attrib
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thought it most likely the main cha
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Chapter 5 - Oblative divination 82
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her life”. 85 In the example the
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in the city. To most modern people
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answer. In oblative divination the
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Figure 6.1. brings together the obs
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questions on how much disease there
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While many good and detailed models
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Unexpected event Figure 6.3. Web of
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Chapter 7 - Research history on Rom
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assumption is that divination, espe
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It can be seen that Latte's as well
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Page 141 and 142: Post-republican writers Verrius Fla
Page 143 and 144: M. Servius Honoratus Marius Servius
Page 145 and 146: The only full description we have o
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Page 149 and 150: All places where auspices should be
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Page 155 and 156: according to Cicero, the point is t
Page 157 and 158: Utility and Credibility value The a
Page 159 and 160: History Since it is mentioned in th
Page 161 and 162: Technique Let us consider public so
Page 163 and 164: Private sortition Private sortition
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Page 167 and 168: Extispicy is a form of divination w
Page 169 and 170: public use of extispicy are perform
Page 171 and 172: (North 1990). In Etruria these indi
Page 173 and 174: Sibylline books The Sibylline Books
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Page 177: counterintuitive agent. In all the
Page 181 and 182: Technique Descriptives Credibility
Page 183 and 184: History Let us see how these observ
Page 185 and 186: Summary To summarize the conclusion
Page 187 and 188: as specified in equation 3, but it
Page 189 and 190: Dissemination Private sortition Pub
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Page 203 and 204: 1,2 1 0,4 0,2 0 Omen words in Greek
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investigate the dissemination of di
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practices that did not survive were
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divination. At the same time the op
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Appendix 1 The Kurabi among the Mwa
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Appendix 2 The Guzul In Central Aus
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Appendix 4 Roman Words Omen Prodigi
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Theocritus 21261 1.88 1.88 0 0 0.32
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Moon fell down Capua Goats got wool
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Note: *this is possibly not a separ
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Temple of Ceres struck by lightning
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Sheep with two heads born Suessa Pi
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12 year old hermaphrodite discovere
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Cows were talking Campania Bronze c
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*This prodigy may be the same as th
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156 Storm destroys sacred places on
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* Since the Graecostasis was right
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An owl was seen on the Capitol Roma
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* Rasmussen counts as two (Rasmusse
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Sun formed a disc like a shield at
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Two calfs were found in the entrail
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Fire in the sky Note: While this pr
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Tornado ripped of roofs Bridge coll
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Doors to the temple of Fortuna open
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Appendix 6 Examples of counterintui
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Bibliography Primary Sources 220 La
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Secondary sources Abbink, J. 1993:
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Bering, J. M. and Johnson, D. P. 20
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Callaway, H. 1970: The Religious Sy
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Dumezil, G. 1970: Archaic Roman Rel
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Guillaumont, F. 1984: Philosophe et
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Koenig, M. A., Clement, F., and Har
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Luterbacher, F. 1967: Der Prodigien
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Patton, L. L. 2000: "The Magic in M
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Schilling, R. 1979: "A propos des "
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Taylor, L. R. 1949: Party Politics
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Woodward, J. 2000: "Explanation and
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Oprindeligt blev divination forklar
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menneskelig perception eller ræson
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I kapitel 6 sammenlignes observatio
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Den sidste ligning udtrykker, at sa
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The dissemination of divination in roman republican times

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