The dissemination of divination in roman republican times

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(10), secret plots will not destroy the state (9), divine assistance will be achieved (9). This text fits with the cultural model we found for omens in general, as can be seen from figure 10.9: Transgression of duties towards the gods 1, 5, 6, 7 & 8 Omen 2 & 3 Misfortune 9, 10, 11 Figure 10.9. The cultural model of omens as seen in De Responso Haruspicum Pontifices The pontifices were the most prestigious priesthood in republican times. 219 Their responsibility was sacral law: sacra and caeremonia (Cic.Leg.2.21). They had access to a large amount of written sources on religious details: libri pontificales, acta, indigitamenta ritualia, commentarii, fasti and annals (Szemler 1972: 22). They could issue responsa and decreta like other priesthoods, when asked to do so by the senate (Linderski 1986: 2154-2155; Wissowa 1912: 395). There is no evidence of the method they used to interpret. It does, however, seem likely that they consulted their records. They after all had access to the records of previous prodigies in the annales. Action 4 G ods Compliance with duties towards the gods Omen Fortune 9, 10, 11, 12 219 This can be seen from Cic.Dom.1. On the special position of the pontifices see (Szemler 1972: 22-24). For general treatments on the pontifices see (Beard 1990: 19-25; Wissowa 1912: 501-523) 218
The actual interpretations we hear from the pontifices are standard Roman sacrifices, such as sacrifice of hostiae maiores (Liv.27.4.15) or a one day supplicatio (Liv.39.22.4), which are two of the most common expiations. They may have gathered them from the records, since they were the religious bookkeepers of the Roman republic. Decision The senate could in principle decide whether they wanted to accept the prodigy or not (Linderski 1993: 58; Wülker 1903: 38f). We have only one example where the senate rejected a responsum. The story is from Aulus Gellius who has it from the Annales Maximi and Valerius Maximus. Here it seems that the haruspices had willfully given a wrong interpretation and admitted to it. In this case naturally the senate did not follow the advice. Summary about prodigies In this chapter we have dealt with the acceptance procedure of prodigies in the Roman republic. This has allowed us to see in more detail certain aspects of how omens were identified and interpreted. Prodigies were directed towards the Roman state in general and differed from omina in that those who identified it did not interpret it. What is done by one person for omina: the identification, relation to the persons concern, interpretation and decision on action, is distributed to several different persons and institutions for the prodigies. We found that the occurrences perceived as prodigies were more attention demanding than normal day to day occurrences. It was stipulated that this attention demanding character of the occurrence would make it salient and turn it into a communicative sign from a counterintuitive agent. Therefore it was assumed that the principle according to which prodigies were accepted or rejected as signs to the Roman state seemed to be derived from normal communication. This principle was identified as the principle of relevance of the communicative sign. The distribution of all accepted prodigies in the period and the two not accepted was found to be consistent with this hypothesis. Prodigies were conceptualized along the lines of the cultural model we found for omens in general. This could be seen in the interpretations of the prodigies. The different priestly colleges give emphasis to different aspects of this model, but all supply an action to be performed to 219
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The Dissemination of Divination in
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Chapter 8 - Sources to Roman Divina
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List of Figures Figure 3.1. Types o
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Acknowledgements Certain parts of t
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people. It is almost unanimously ag
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that precludes the investigation fr
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asic cognitive functions could acco
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Lienard & Feeney 2006), prayer (Bar
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“the making clear of something”
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In chapter 5 it is argued that obla
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Chapter 1 - History of divination a
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with *-eu appears in two forms. One
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involving the Korinthian Polyidos.
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The 15 th edition of the Encyclopae
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Chapter 2 - A History of Modern Div
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and games of chance a secondary dev
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causes. This is also the case conce
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Evans-Pritchard also uses a lot of
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through casting the decision “upo
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transformed and new relations are g
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Somewhat between the great currents
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efutations. With this article Zeitl
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the function of divination. Special
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Chapter 3 - Definition and typology
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means signs obtained from the gods
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producer. In this case we see that
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Chapter 4 - Impetrative Divination
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ontogenetic histories. Some feeling
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direct people in their life. It can
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or potential misfortune or lack of
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Before making blood-brotherhood Bef
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It was argued that emotion was cent
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Figure 4.2. Intentional action It i
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Figure 4.4. Ritualized action in di
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was the counterintuitive agent who
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education. 43 These problems requir
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Credibility 4,5 4 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1
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Clairvoyant, and Astrologist. There
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Materials A booklet similar to the
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Summary The thesis of this chapter
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present existence, as the slogan go
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Let us presently consider how hyper
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1963). Michotte had subjects watch
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another that they were playing agai
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monkeys. There is evidence that in
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Sperber and Wilson programmatically
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humans communicate by producing sig
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Let us consider some examples of th
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Henrich and Gil-White supply precis
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communicator (T.S. Elliot) or a mil
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professors are not routinely attrib
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thought it most likely the main cha
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Chapter 5 - Oblative divination 82
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her life”. 85 In the example the
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in the city. To most modern people
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answer. In oblative divination the
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Figure 6.1. brings together the obs
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questions on how much disease there
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While many good and detailed models
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Unexpected event Figure 6.3. Web of
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Chapter 7 - Research history on Rom
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assumption is that divination, espe
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It can be seen that Latte's as well
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oth shared the same attitude toward
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vastly different views on what legi
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& Scheid 1994; Linder & Scheid 1993
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the observation. If the fear thesis
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Based on the evidence available to
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linear regression analysis was made
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criticism of it. His antiquarian cu
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Post-republican writers Verrius Fla
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M. Servius Honoratus Marius Servius
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The only full description we have o
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called interpretes Iovi, interprete
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All places where auspices should be
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anyhow. There is therefore no reaso
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The credibility value of the greate
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according to Cicero, the point is t
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Utility and Credibility value The a
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History Since it is mentioned in th
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Technique Let us consider public so
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Private sortition Private sortition
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shuffled the lots and drew one 149
Page 167 and 168: Extispicy is a form of divination w
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Page 171 and 172: (North 1990). In Etruria these indi
Page 173 and 174: Sibylline books The Sibylline Books
Page 175 and 176: The word vates can probably be trac
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Page 179 and 180: Howevere, there are practices in wh
Page 181 and 182: Technique Descriptives Credibility
Page 183 and 184: History Let us see how these observ
Page 185 and 186: Summary To summarize the conclusion
Page 187 and 188: as specified in equation 3, but it
Page 189 and 190: Dissemination Private sortition Pub
Page 191 and 192: “may the gods avert (bad) omens
Page 193 and 194: excelled every race and every natio
Page 195 and 196: calf ran away and spattered many of
Page 197 and 198: the cultural model of omens, identi
Page 199 and 200: very widespread 196 and along with
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Page 203 and 204: 1,2 1 0,4 0,2 0 Omen words in Greek
Page 205 and 206: e distinguished: nuntiatio, relatio
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Page 209 and 210: Year BCE 218-190 189-162 160-132 13
Page 211 and 212: distinction between public and priv
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Page 215 and 216: two seem to have been used in the c
Page 217: 8) Sacrificia vetusta occultaque mi
Page 221 and 222: this type among the prodigia, where
Page 223 and 224: consideration here the cultural mod
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Page 227 and 228: action. It was argued that these re
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Page 231 and 232: practices that did not survive were
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Page 237 and 238: Appendix 2 The Guzul In Central Aus
Page 239 and 240: Appendix 4 Roman Words Omen Prodigi
Page 241 and 242: Theocritus 21261 1.88 1.88 0 0 0.32
Page 243 and 244: Moon fell down Capua Goats got wool
Page 245 and 246: Note: *this is possibly not a separ
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Page 249 and 250: Sheep with two heads born Suessa Pi
Page 251 and 252: 12 year old hermaphrodite discovere
Page 253 and 254: Cows were talking Campania Bronze c
Page 255 and 256: *This prodigy may be the same as th
Page 257 and 258: 156 Storm destroys sacred places on
Page 259 and 260: * Since the Graecostasis was right
Page 261 and 262: An owl was seen on the Capitol Roma
Page 263 and 264: * Rasmussen counts as two (Rasmusse
Page 265 and 266: Sun formed a disc like a shield at
Page 267 and 268: Two calfs were found in the entrail
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Fire in the sky Note: While this pr
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Tornado ripped of roofs Bridge coll
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Doors to the temple of Fortuna open
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Appendix 6 Examples of counterintui
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Bibliography Primary Sources 220 La
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Secondary sources Abbink, J. 1993:
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Bering, J. M. and Johnson, D. P. 20
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Callaway, H. 1970: The Religious Sy
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Dumezil, G. 1970: Archaic Roman Rel
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Guillaumont, F. 1984: Philosophe et
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Koenig, M. A., Clement, F., and Har
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Luterbacher, F. 1967: Der Prodigien
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Patton, L. L. 2000: "The Magic in M
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Schilling, R. 1979: "A propos des "
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Taylor, L. R. 1949: Party Politics
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Woodward, J. 2000: "Explanation and
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Oprindeligt blev divination forklar
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menneskelig perception eller ræson
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I kapitel 6 sammenlignes observatio
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Den sidste ligning udtrykker, at sa
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The dissemination of divination in roman republican times

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