The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The army in the field 83 bordering on this are the Iberians and Albanians and other kings who were protected against external regimes by the greatness of our power. Rhoemetalces and the sons of Cotys ruled Thrace, while the bank of the river Danube was guarded by two legions in Pannonia and two in Moesia. A further two legions were stationed in Dalmatia, geographically behind the other four, and could be summoned from close by if Italy needed rapid help. Rome however had its own garrison in the form of three urban and nine praetorian cohorts, recruited mainly from Etruria and Umbria or the old territory of the Latins, and the ancient Roman colonies. In suitable locations in the provinces were stationed allied ships, auxiliary cavalry alae and infantry cohorts, virtually equivalent in strength to the legions. But it is difficult to trace them all since they were moved to different locations as circumstances demanded, and their numbers increased or decreased from time to time. Tacitus is referring to AD 23, when the Pannonian Legion IX Hispana had been transferred to Africa to help put down the rebellion of Tacfarinas. 143 Dio (2nd–3rd C.AD), 55. 23 Twenty-three, or as some argue, twenty-five legions were being maintained at this time (after AD 9). At the present moment only nineteen of them still exist: the second, Augusta, with its winter quarters in Upper Britain; the three third legions—the Gallica in Syria Phoenice, the Cyrenaica in Arabia, the Augusta in Numidia; the fourth, Scythica, in Syria; the fifth, Macedonica, in Dacia; two sixth legions, of which one, Victrix, is in Lower Britain, and one, Ferrata, in Judaea; the seventh, generally called Claudia, in Upper Moesia; the eighth, Augusta, in Upper Germany; the two tenth legions, one, Gemina, in Upper Pannonia and one (Fretensis) in Judaea; the eleventh, Claudia, in Lower Moesia; for two legions were named after Claudius in this way because they had not fought against him in the revolt of Camillus; the twelfth, Fulminata, in Cappadocia; the thirteenth, Gemina, in Dacia; the fourteenth, Gemina, in Upper Pannonia; the fifteenth, Apollinaris, in Cappadocia; the Twentieth, named Valeria Victrix, in Upper Britain. These then in my view were the troops Augustus took over and kept, along with those of the legion called the twenty-second and stationed in Upper Germany, even if this legion was certainly not called Valeria by everyone and does not employ this name now. These are the legions that are still in existence out of those of Augustus. As regards the remainder, some were completely disbanded, others were joined with other legions by Augustus himself and by other emperors, as a result of which they have the name Gemina. Since I have once been led into discussing the legions, I shall describe
84 The Roman Army the other legions existing at the present day and the occasions of their enlistment by emperors after Augustus, so that anyone who wishes to find out about them can easily discover all the material assembled in one place. Nero recruited the first legion, called Italica, which has winter quarters in Lower Moesia; Galba the first, Adiutrix, which is stationed in Lower Pannonia, and the seventh, Gemina, in Spain; Vespasian the second, Adiutrix, in Lower Pannonia, the fourth, Flavia, in Upper Moesia, the sixteenth, Flavia, in Syria; Domitian the first, Minervia, in Lower Germany; Trajan the second, Aegyptia, and the thirtieth, Germanica, both of which he also named after himself (Traiana and Ulpia respectively); Marcus Antoninus the second, in Noricum, and the third, in Raetia, both of which were named Italica; Severus the Parthicae, the first and third of which are in Mesopotamia, the second in Italy. Dio is mistaken in calling the twenty-second legion Valeria. Augustus’ twentysecond legion was called Deiotariana, and the XXII Primigenia was probably recruited by Caligula. For the origins and naming of legions, see Mann 1983; Keppie 1984a: 205–15. 144 CIL 6. 3492=ILS 2288, inscription, Rome, 2nd C.AD Names of the legions Second, Augusta Second, Adiutrix Fourth, Scythica (Britain) (Lower Pannonia) (Syria) Sixth, Victrix Fourth, Flavia Sixteenth, Flavia (Britain) (Upper Moesia) (Syria) Twentieth, Victrix Seventh, Claudia Sixth, Ferrata (Britain) (Upper Moesia) (Judaea) Eighth, Augusta First, Italica Tenth, Fretensis (Upper Germany) (Lower Moesia) (Judaea) Twenty-second, Primigenia Fifth, Macedonica Third, Cyrenaica (Upper Germany) (Lower Moesia) (Arabia) First, Minervia Eleventh, Claudia Second, Traiana (Lower Germany) (Lower Moesia) (Egypt) Thirtieth, Ulpia Thirteenth, Gemina Third, Augusta (Lower Germany) (Dacia) (Numidia) First, Adiutrix Twelfth, Fulminata Seventh, Gemina (Upper Pannonia) (Cappadocia) (Spain) Tenth, Gemina Fifteenth, Apollinaris Second, Italica (Upper Pannonia) (Cappadocia) (Noricum) Fourteenth, Gemina Third, Gallica Third, Italica (Upper Pannonia) (Syria) (Raetia) First, Parthica Second, Parthica Third, Parthica (Mesopotamia) (Italy) (Mesopotamia).
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
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24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
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26 The Roman Army I have received a
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28 The Roman Army from having more
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30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
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32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
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34 The Roman Army units were now be
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36 The Roman Army and I have alread
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38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
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40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
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42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
Page 65 and 66: 44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
Page 67 and 68: 2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
Page 69 and 70: 48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
Page 71 and 72: 50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
Page 73 and 74: 52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
Page 75 and 76: 54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
Page 77 and 78: 56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
Page 79 and 80: 58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
Page 81 and 82: 60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
Page 83 and 84: 62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
Page 85 and 86: 64 The Roman Army probably formed d
Page 87 and 88: 66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
Page 89 and 90: 3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
Page 91 and 92: 70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
Page 93 and 94: 72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
Page 95 and 96: 74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
Page 97 and 98: 76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
Page 99 and 100: 78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
Page 101 and 102: 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
Page 103 and 104: 3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
Page 105 and 106: 8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
Page 107 and 108: 11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
Page 109 and 110: 14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
Page 111 and 112: 18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
Page 113 and 114: 80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
Page 115: 82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
Page 121 and 122: 88 The Roman Army outside the fort
Page 123 and 124: 90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
Page 125 and 126: 92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
Page 127 and 128: 94 The Roman Army period of imperia
Page 129 and 130: 96 The Roman Army being able to str
Page 131 and 132: 98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
Page 133 and 134: 100 The Roman Army against archers,
Page 135 and 136: 102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
Page 141 and 142: 108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
Page 143 and 144: 5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
Page 145 and 146: 112 The Roman Army do whatever may
Page 147 and 148: 114 The Roman Army This is probably
Page 149 and 150: 116 The Roman Army For the date and
Page 151 and 152: 118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
Page 153 and 154: 120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
Page 155 and 156: 122 The Roman Army of that communit
Page 157 and 158: 124 The Roman Army identified as br
Page 159 and 160: 126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
Page 161 and 162: 128 The Roman Army for the eternity
Page 163 and 164: 130 The Roman Army [7] September [
Page 165 and 166: 132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
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134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
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136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
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138 The Roman Army the names of Get
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6 The army, the local community, an
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142 The Roman Army informal adminis
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144 The Roman Army either military
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146 The Roman Army Two legions were
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148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
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150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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152 The Roman Army provision for th
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154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
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156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
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158 The Roman Army property in acco
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160 The Roman Army the will. His so
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162 The Roman Army did make his wil
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164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
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166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
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168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
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170 The Roman Army Published on 15
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172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
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174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
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176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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