The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The army in peacetime 135 224 RIB 1546, inscription, Brocolitia (Carrawburgh), Britain, 3rd. C.AD To the invincible god Mithras, Marcus Simplicius Simplex, prefect, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow. This is one of the three altars found in the Mithraeum close to the fort (see Plate 11). There is a recess at the back to carry a lamp; on the front is a relief of Mithras, carrying a whip, representing the sun, with which he was sometimes identified. His crown is constructed with pierced openings through which the rays of the lamp could shine. The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh was an underground cavern, originally built in the early third century though modified later; it will have held between ten and twelve people (Richmond and Gillam 1951). Mithras was an ancient Iranian spirit of light which seems first to have come to the attention of the Romans early in the first century BC. Among the attributes of Mithras were those of a victorious warrior, which may have recommended him to soldiers, among whom his worship became increasingly popular in the later second century AD; moreover the initiation tests and closeknit structure of Mithraism may have appealed to the self-contained world of army life, and perhaps especially to the officer class; the three altars at Carrawburgh were dedicated by prefects of the first cohort of Batavians. 225 CIL 7. 646=RIB 1600, inscription, Vercovicium (Housesteads), Britain, AD 252 To the invincible Sun-god Mithras, Everlasting Lord, Publicius Proculinus, centurion, on behalf of himself and his son Proculus, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow, in the consulship of our lords Gallus and Volusianus. 226 ILS 4721=RIB 989, inscription, Bewcastle, Britain, 3rd (?) C.AD To the holy god Cocidius, Quintus Peltrasius Maximus, tribune, promoted from the rank of chief clerk of the praetorian prefects, most eminent men, willingly and deservedly fulfilled his vow. 227 RIB 1583, inscription, Vercovicium To Jupiter Best and Greatest and the god Cocidius and the Genius of this place, the soldiers of Legion II Augusta on garrison duty, willingly and deservedly fulfilled their vow.
136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a Celtic god of war apparently sometimes linked with Mars, and common in the vicinity of Hadrian’s Wall. MILITARY COLLEGIA Collegia (associations of people involved in the same occupation, or for a particular purpose) were common in the Roman world. The government, fearing threats to public order, required all to have a licence, but in practice permitted many burial societies or religious associations, which fulfilled the needs of ordinary people, to exist unlicensed. Rank and file soldiers were forbidden to associate in collegia, presumably because the presence of private clubs inside the normal structure of a military unit was held to be prejudicial to discipline, and possibly divisive. Principales, however, and other soldiers performing specialist tasks were permitted to associate; they already belonged to a restricted group, and emperors, who were prepared to allow association if some benefit could be expected, doubtless hoped that collegia which they sanctioned, by identifying with the imperial family and honouring imperial achievements, would set an example to other soldiers. Military collegia are found in all parts of the empire by the time of Hadrian, but evidence that there was a substantial increase in their numbers in the reign of Septimius Severus may be misleading, since it is based entirely on inscriptions, largely from the camp of the III Augusta at Lambaesis in Africa. Perhaps, because of the pay rise that Severus granted to the army, more collegia than before chose to set up honorary inscriptions; and the situation in Africa need not have been typical of other military camps. Army collegia often fulfilled a religious purpose; the schola or meeting hall of the collegium was used as a sanctuary for military divinities and statues of the imperial family and the emperor, who acted as a protecting spirit of the collegium. The collegia at Lambaesis charged a joining fee (scamnarium) from which they provided mutual assistance for their members who were discharged, or left the collegium because of a transfer or promotion to another unit, and on behalf of soldiers who had died; certain essential military expenses could also be met from the common fund. So, military collegia shared the functions of the collegia tenuiorum which the government tolerated among civilians. Veteran soldiers often organized themselves in the same way (collegia—Meiggs 1973:311–36; military collegia—De Ruggiero, Diz. epig., s.v. collegia, pp. 367–9).
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
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24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
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26 The Roman Army I have received a
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28 The Roman Army from having more
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30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
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32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
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34 The Roman Army units were now be
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36 The Roman Army and I have alread
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38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
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40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
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42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
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44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
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2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
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48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
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50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
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52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
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54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
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56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
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58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
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60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
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62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
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64 The Roman Army probably formed d
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66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
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3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
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70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
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72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
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74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
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76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
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78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
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1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
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3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
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8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
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11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
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14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
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18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
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80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
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82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
Page 117 and 118: 84 The Roman Army the other legions
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
Page 121 and 122: 88 The Roman Army outside the fort
Page 123 and 124: 90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
Page 125 and 126: 92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
Page 127 and 128: 94 The Roman Army period of imperia
Page 129 and 130: 96 The Roman Army being able to str
Page 131 and 132: 98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
Page 133 and 134: 100 The Roman Army against archers,
Page 135 and 136: 102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
Page 141 and 142: 108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
Page 143 and 144: 5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
Page 145 and 146: 112 The Roman Army do whatever may
Page 147 and 148: 114 The Roman Army This is probably
Page 149 and 150: 116 The Roman Army For the date and
Page 151 and 152: 118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
Page 153 and 154: 120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
Page 155 and 156: 122 The Roman Army of that communit
Page 157 and 158: 124 The Roman Army identified as br
Page 159 and 160: 126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
Page 161 and 162: 128 The Roman Army for the eternity
Page 163 and 164: 130 The Roman Army [7] September [
Page 165 and 166: 132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
Page 167: 134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
Page 171 and 172: 138 The Roman Army the names of Get
Page 173 and 174: 6 The army, the local community, an
Page 175 and 176: 142 The Roman Army informal adminis
Page 177 and 178: 144 The Roman Army either military
Page 179 and 180: 146 The Roman Army Two legions were
Page 181 and 182: 148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
Page 183 and 184: 150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
Page 185 and 186: 152 The Roman Army provision for th
Page 187 and 188: 154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
Page 189 and 190: 156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
Page 191 and 192: 158 The Roman Army property in acco
Page 193 and 194: 160 The Roman Army the will. His so
Page 195 and 196: 162 The Roman Army did make his wil
Page 197 and 198: 164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
Page 199 and 200: 166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
Page 201 and 202: 168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
Page 203 and 204: 170 The Roman Army Published on 15
Page 205 and 206: 172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
Page 207 and 208: 174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
Page 209 and 210: 176 The Roman Army The reference to
Page 211 and 212: 178 The Roman Army with his own edi
Page 213 and 214: 180 The Roman Army of passing trave
Page 215 and 216: 182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
Page 217 and 218: 184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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