The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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388 CJ 10. 55(54). 3 The army in the later empire 239 The same Emperors (Diocletian and Maximian) to Philopator. Exemption from undertaking public office and compulsory public services is legally granted to veterans if they are shown to have received an honourable or medical discharge after twenty years’ military service performed in a legion or a vexillatio. Therefore, since you say that you served in a cohort, you should realize that it is pointless for you to seek to claim exemption for yourself. These rescripts grant special privileges only to veterans who served in a legion or cavalry detachment (vexillatio), while those serving in auxiliary cohorts are regarded as of lesser status. At this time the field army was not important enough, or perhaps insufficiently firmly established, to qualify for any special recognition. Cf. text no. 394. 389 CIL 3. 764=ILS 4103, inscription, Tomi (Constanta), Lower Moesia, AD 293–305 To the great Mother of the gods, for the welfare and security of our lords the Emperors and Caesars, Aurelius Firminianus, most splendid man, commander (dux) of the frontiers in the province of Scythia, dedicated this with good auspices. In some provinces Diocletian separated civil authority from military responsibilities, the latter being exercised by a dux. Several are attested in his reign, some with responsibility for an area covering several civil provinces. This process seems to have begun late in the reign and was a gradual development, perhaps in response to local emergencies, rather than the result of a single decision. 390 CTh 7. 22. 1, AD 319 Emperor Constantine Augustus to Octavianus. We order that veterans’ sons who are fit for military service, of whom some indolently refuse to perform compulsory military duties while others are so cowardly that they wish to evade the necessity of military service by mutilating their own bodies, if they should be judged incapable of military service because their fingers have been cut off, are to be assigned, without any ambiguity, to perform the compulsory public services and duties of decurions. Given on 16 February at Sirmium. Received on 7 April at Rhegium in the consulship of Constantine Augustus for the fifth time and Licinius Caesar.
240 The Roman Army This rescript is probably of a type common in the law codes, where an emperor confirms a previous decision. The insistence that veterans’ sons join up would fit in with the tough measures of Diocletian, who laid upon cities or landowners the obligation to ensure sufficient recruits annually from their territory. This should be seen in the context of a general development of hereditary occupational ties. Lactantius (text no. 383) had denounced the oppression associated with the military levy under Diocletian, a burden which from the late third century communities sought to avoid by substituting monetary payments (aurum tironicum). One way round the difficulty of finding sufficient numbers of recruits was the absorption into the Roman army of peoples who had fought against Rome and were then settled on Roman territory. 391 AE 1981. 777, inscription, near Cotiaeum, Asia, c. AD 300 Aurelius Gaius the second, served in Legion I Italica in Moesia, chosen for Legion VIII Augusta in Germany, (served ?) with Legion I Jovia Scythica in Scythia and Pannonia; as a recruit served as novice cavalryman, then as cavalry lance-bearer (lanciarius), orderly (optio) of a centurion of the third rank, orderly of a senior centurion, orderly of a [chief centurion (?)], orderly of the imperial companions (comites) [ _ _ _ ] of Legion I Jovia Scythica, travelled round the empire, to Asia, Caria [ _ _ _ ] Lydia, Lycaonia, Cilicia [ _ _ _ ] Syria Phoenice, Arabia, Palestine, Egypt, Alexandria, India [ _ _ _ ] Mesopotamia, Cappadocia [ _ _ _ ] Galatia, Bithynia, Thrace [ _ _ _ ] Moesia, the territory of the Carpi [ _ _ _ ] Sarmatia on four occasions, Viminacium [ _ _ _ ] the territory of the Goths on two occasions, Germany [ _ _ _ ] Dardania, Dalmatia, Pannonia [ _ _ _ ] Gaul, Spain, Mauretania [ _ _ _ ] then I progressed and after [all] these [troubles (?)] I came to my native community, Pessinus, where I was reared, and am now living in the [village] of Cotiaeum [ _ _ _ with (?)] Macedonia (his daughter?); from the proceeds of my labours, I have set up this stone in honour of Julia Arescusa my own dearest wife, as a memorial until the resurrection. Farewell everyone. Aurelius had served as a cavalryman in the lanciarii, who had probably been organized by Diocletian as part of the comitatus. In his long military career, in the record of which there are several gaps because of the damaged state of the inscription, he had visited at least twenty-three provinces or dioceses, four towns, and five regions situated outside Roman territory. He served in Legion I Jovia Scythica, which was recruited by Diocletian and based at Noviodunum; moreover the campaigns in which he participated against the Sarmatians, Goths, Germans, and in Mesopotamia, India, and Egypt, suggest a date in the reign of Diocletian, probably around AD 300. Aurelius was apparently a Christian serving in the army, before Christianity had been officially adopted.
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
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24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
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26 The Roman Army I have received a
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28 The Roman Army from having more
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30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
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32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
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34 The Roman Army units were now be
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36 The Roman Army and I have alread
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38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
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40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
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42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
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44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
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2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
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48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
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50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
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52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
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54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
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56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
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58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
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60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
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62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
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64 The Roman Army probably formed d
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66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
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3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
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70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
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72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
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74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
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76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
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78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
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1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
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3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
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8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
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11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
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14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
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18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
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80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
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82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
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84 The Roman Army the other legions
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Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
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88 The Roman Army outside the fort
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90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
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92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
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94 The Roman Army period of imperia
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96 The Roman Army being able to str
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98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
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100 The Roman Army against archers,
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102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
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104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
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106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
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108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
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5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
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112 The Roman Army do whatever may
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114 The Roman Army This is probably
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116 The Roman Army For the date and
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118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
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120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
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122 The Roman Army of that communit
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124 The Roman Army identified as br
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126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
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128 The Roman Army for the eternity
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130 The Roman Army [7] September [
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132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
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134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
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136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
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138 The Roman Army the names of Get
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6 The army, the local community, an
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142 The Roman Army informal adminis
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144 The Roman Army either military
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146 The Roman Army Two legions were
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148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
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150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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152 The Roman Army provision for th
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154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
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156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
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158 The Roman Army property in acco
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160 The Roman Army the will. His so
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162 The Roman Army did make his wil
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164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
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166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
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168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
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170 The Roman Army Published on 15
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172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
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174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
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176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
Page 221 and 222: 188 The Roman Army name a figure of
Page 223 and 224: 190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
Page 225 and 226: 192 The Roman Army only explicit re
Page 227 and 228: 194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
Page 229 and 230: 196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
Page 231 and 232: 198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
Page 233 and 234: 200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
Page 235 and 236: 202 The Roman Army from your affirm
Page 237 and 238: 204 The Roman Army honourably disch
Page 239 and 240: 206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
Page 241 and 242: 208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
Page 243 and 244: 210 The Roman Army service in the c
Page 245 and 246: 212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
Page 247 and 248: 214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
Page 249 and 250: 216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
Page 251 and 252: 218 The Roman Army main roads did n
Page 253 and 254: 220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
Page 255 and 256: 222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
Page 257 and 258: 224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
Page 259 and 260: 226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
Page 261 and 262: 228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
Page 263 and 264: 230 The Roman Army considerable pro
Page 265 and 266: 232 The Roman Army military organiz
Page 267 and 268: 234 The Roman Army recruitment and
Page 269 and 270: 236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
Page 271: 238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
Page 275 and 276: 242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
Page 277 and 278: 244 The Roman Army in respect of on
Page 279 and 280: 246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
Page 281 and 282: 248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
Page 283 and 284: Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
Page 285 and 286: 252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
Page 287 and 288: 254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
Page 289 and 290: Index of translated passages LITERA
Page 291 and 292: 258 Index of translated passages 24
Page 297 and 298: Index of names and subjects Promine
Page 299 and 300: 266 Index of names and subjects Ces
Page 301 and 302: 268 Index of names and subjects Gro
Page 303 and 304: 270 Index of names and subjects Pat
Page 305: 272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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