The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The army in peacetime 127 This is apparently a transcription of the wording on a boundary stone from Ardea in Latium. For the activities of another military land surveyor, in Pannonia, see text no. 355. RELIGION In the Republic official religious observances associated with the army served the state’s need to establish divine goodwill and ensure military success—the observation of omens and signs before campaigns and battles, the ritual purification of arms after the campaigning season, the worship of divinities important in Roman life, especially Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, and Mars. Augustus, who sought to place his personal rule inside a framework of traditional practice, was probably responsible for the organization of the military calendar, a late version of which has been found at Dura-Europus, with its emphasis on traditional religious festivals and veneration of the imperial family. In the camps the emperor was presented to his troops as a divinely inspired and invincible commander-in-chief, a worthy object of their loyalty; that was confirmed by imposing titulature, imperial statues in military dress in the camp shrine, and imperial portraits on military standards, which were also located in the shrine and received religious observances. The Romans were non-sectarian, and although the calendar excluded non-Roman divinities, neither individuals nor groups of soldiers were prevented from worshipping other gods privately as long as this was not deemed detrimental to good discipline. Nevertheless, it was doubtless important to preserve the framework of Roman state worship in the army, since by the second century AD most soldiers were Romanized provincials, while the auxilia were in the main non-citizens. The identification with the emperor and the traditions of the Roman state, and the focus of official loyalty thereby established, will in the long term have helped to enhance the Roman character of the army whatever the private religious beliefs of some soldiers (von Domaszewski 1895; Birley 1978; Helgeland 1978; Le Bohec 1989b:548–72). 207 Fink et al. 1940, with Fink, RMR 117, papyrus, Dura-Europus, c. AD 223–227 Col. i [1 January _ _ _ ] [3 January. Because] vows [are fulfilled and undertaken] both for the welfare of our lord Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander Augustus and
128 The Roman Army for the eternity of the empire of the Roman people, [to Jupiter Best and Greatest an ox, to Queen Juno a cow, to Minerva a cow], [to Jupiter Victor] an ox, [to Juno Sospes (?) a cow _ _ _, to Father Mars a bull, to Mars the Victor] a bull, to Victoria a cow. 7 January. [Because honourable discharge with entitlement to] privileges [is granted to soldiers who have served their time], or because [pay] is distributed [to the soldiers, to Jupiter Best and Greatest an ox, to Juno a cow], [to Minerva] a cow, to Welfare a cow, to Father Mars a bull [ _ _ _ ]. 8 January. For the birthday of the deified [empress _ _ _ ], supplication to [ _ _ _ ]. [9–23] January. For the birthday of [Lucius Seius (?)] Caesar, [ _ _ _ ] of Lucius [ _ _ _ ] Caesar. 24 January. For the birthday [of the divine Hadrian, to the divine Hadrian an ox]. 28 January. For the victories [ _ _ _ ] and the greatest Parthian victory of the divine Severus, and for [the imperial power of the divine Trajan], to the Parthian [Victory] a cow, to the divine Trajan [an ox]. 4 February. For [the imperial power of the divine Antoninus the Great], a supplication; to the divine Antoninus the Great an ox. 1 March. For the celebrations [of the birthday of Father Mars the Victor], to Father Mars the Victor a bull. 6 March. For the imperial power of [the divine Marcus Antoninus and the divine Lucius Verus], to the divine Marcus an ox, [to the divine Lucius] an ox. 13 March. Because Emperor [Caesar Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander] was acclaimed Emperor, to Jupiter an ox, [to Juno a cow, to Minerva a cow], to Mars an ox; and because Alexander our Augustus was [first] acclaimed Imperator by the soldiers [of Emperor Augustus Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander, a supplication _ _ _ ]. 14 March. Because Alexander our [Augustus] was named [Augustus and father of the fatherland and] chief priest, a supplication; [to the Genius of our lord] Alexander [Augustus a bull _ _ _ ]. Col. ii 19 March. For the festival of the Quinquatria (in honour of Minerva), a supplication; similar supplications until 23 March. 4 April. For the birthday of the divine Antoninus the Great, to the divine Antoninus an ox. 9 April. For the imperial power of the divine Pius Severus, to the divine Pius Severus an ox.
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
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24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
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26 The Roman Army I have received a
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28 The Roman Army from having more
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30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
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32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
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34 The Roman Army units were now be
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36 The Roman Army and I have alread
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38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
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40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
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42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
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44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
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2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
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48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
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50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
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52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
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54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
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56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
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58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
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60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
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62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
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64 The Roman Army probably formed d
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66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
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3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
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70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
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72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
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74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
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76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
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78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
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1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
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3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
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8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
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11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
Page 109 and 110: 14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
Page 111 and 112: 18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
Page 113 and 114: 80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
Page 115 and 116: 82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
Page 117 and 118: 84 The Roman Army the other legions
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
Page 121 and 122: 88 The Roman Army outside the fort
Page 123 and 124: 90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
Page 125 and 126: 92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
Page 127 and 128: 94 The Roman Army period of imperia
Page 129 and 130: 96 The Roman Army being able to str
Page 131 and 132: 98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
Page 133 and 134: 100 The Roman Army against archers,
Page 135 and 136: 102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
Page 141 and 142: 108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
Page 143 and 144: 5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
Page 145 and 146: 112 The Roman Army do whatever may
Page 147 and 148: 114 The Roman Army This is probably
Page 149 and 150: 116 The Roman Army For the date and
Page 151 and 152: 118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
Page 153 and 154: 120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
Page 155 and 156: 122 The Roman Army of that communit
Page 157 and 158: 124 The Roman Army identified as br
Page 159: 126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
Page 163 and 164: 130 The Roman Army [7] September [
Page 165 and 166: 132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
Page 167 and 168: 134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
Page 169 and 170: 136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
Page 171 and 172: 138 The Roman Army the names of Get
Page 173 and 174: 6 The army, the local community, an
Page 175 and 176: 142 The Roman Army informal adminis
Page 177 and 178: 144 The Roman Army either military
Page 179 and 180: 146 The Roman Army Two legions were
Page 181 and 182: 148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
Page 183 and 184: 150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
Page 185 and 186: 152 The Roman Army provision for th
Page 187 and 188: 154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
Page 189 and 190: 156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
Page 191 and 192: 158 The Roman Army property in acco
Page 193 and 194: 160 The Roman Army the will. His so
Page 195 and 196: 162 The Roman Army did make his wil
Page 197 and 198: 164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
Page 199 and 200: 166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
Page 201 and 202: 168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
Page 203 and 204: 170 The Roman Army Published on 15
Page 205 and 206: 172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
Page 207 and 208: 174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
Page 209 and 210: 176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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