The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The army, the local community, the law 155 of a Roman woman. You also wish to establish them as [legitimate (?)], but I cannot make you their legal father.’ If both parents were Roman citizens, then even though they lacked the right to contract a legal marriage (conubium), their children would be citizens, but illegitimate. Illegitimate children who were citizens could be instituted as heirs and receive a legacy, but might be subject to inheritance tax if they were held not to be near relatives. (iii) Year 18 of Trajan, 10 Payni (4 June 115). Chrotis made a statement through her advocate Philoxenus that she, a citizen of Alexandria, had married Isidorus, also a citizen of Alexandria, and that afterwards when he was serving in a cohort, bore him a son, Theodorus, in whose name she now petitioned, arguing that, {although she had omitted to make a declaration of his birth}, it was nevertheless clear that he was the son of that man (Isidorus), from the will which he made, in which he left the child as heir of all his property. When the will of Julius Martialis (the Roman name given to Isidorus when he joined up), soldier of the first cohort of Thebans, was read out, Lupus consulted with his legal advisers and declared: ‘Martialis could not have a legitimate son while he was serving in the army, but he made him his heir legally’. Under local law, two Alexandrian citizens could legally marry, but the marriage was held to be dissolved for the duration of military service. It is not clear if Isidorus became a Roman citizen on enlistment; Roman citizens could not normally institute a non-Roman as heir, but concessions possibly made by Trajan extended this privilege to soldiers (see text no. 259). Chrotis was presumably worried that the failure to register her son would count against him, since acquisition of an estate required proof that the beneficiary was the lawful son. Another interpretation at { }—‘that the inheritance tax should be remitted if it had been overlooked’—refers to the fact that, if Theodorus were judged not to be a close relative, he would be subject to the inheritance tax. (iv) Year 5 of our lord Antoninus (142), third extra day. When Octavius Valens and Cassia Secunda, whose case had been adjourned from yesterday, came into court, Eudaemon (Valerius Eudaemon, prefect of Egypt, 142–3), having consulted with his legal advisers, declared: ‘Yesterday, when the memorandum of that splendid man, Heliodorus, was read out, there was a clear reason for an adjournment, namely, in order that judgment should be reached in the case of those who are forbidden (i.e. to marry), in the presence of the mother of this boy. Today, having considered the relevant circumstances, I confirm the
156 The Roman Army opinion I gave yesterday. Whether this man served in a legion, a cohort, or an ala, the child born to him could not be his legitimate son; moreover, since he is not the legitimate son of his father, who is an Alexandrian citizen, he cannot be an Alexandrian citizen. Therefore this boy, who was born to Valens while he was serving in a cohort, is his illegitimate son and cannot be admitted to Alexandrian citizenship’. And he added: ‘You said yesterday that you had other sons; what ages are they, when were they born?’ Octavius Valens replied: ‘One recently, the other is older’. Eudaemon said: ‘Where were you serving when the older boy was born?’ Valens replied: ‘In the cohort, and the little one too’. Eudaemon said: ‘You must know that they are in the same situation as this one. There are some things which cannot be changed.’ Valens said: ‘Now, if I manage to go abroad you yourself could sign my petition, so that I may obtain my rights through a legal representative. What wrong have the children committed?’ Eudaemon said: ‘I have been foolish in explaining in detail what I could have said in a few words; what you are attempting is impossible, and neither this boy nor your other sons are citizens of Alexandria’. This case illustrates the problems caused by the ambivalent attitude of the government which tolerated the unofficial unions of soldiers but compelled its officials to enforce the legal consequences. There was a conflict between the duty of the prefect and the feelings of the soldier, who genuinely believed that he was married. Even if the children in question were Roman citizens, possession of Alexandrian citizenship would be desirable in that it conferred certain privileges. 258 Pliny (1st–2nd C.AD), Letters 10. 106–7 Pliny to Emperor Trajan. Since I was asked, sir, by Publius Accius Aquila, a centurion of the sixth part-mounted cohort, to forward to you a petition in which he entreats you to show your benevolence in respect of the citizen status of his daughter, I thought that it would be harsh to deny his request since I know how willingly and sympathetically you respond to appeals from the soldiers. Trajan to Pliny. I have read the petition you forwarded on behalf of Publius Accius Aquila, centurion of the sixth part-mounted cohort. I have been moved by his appeal and have granted Roman citizenship to his daughter. I have sent to you his petition duly annotated which you can give to him. Trajan is here conceding a privilege normally granted to auxiliary soldiers after twenty-five years’ service, or on discharge (see p. 193); this is particularly striking
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
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First published 1994 by Routledge 1
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Contents List of plates ix List of
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Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
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Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
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Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
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P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
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Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
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denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
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2 The Roman Army benefits are still
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4 The Roman Army military as well a
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6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
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8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
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10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
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12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
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14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
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16 The Roman Army should keep in st
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18 The Roman Army more impartial th
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20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
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22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
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24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
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26 The Roman Army I have received a
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28 The Roman Army from having more
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30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
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32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
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34 The Roman Army units were now be
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36 The Roman Army and I have alread
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38 The Roman Army heirs, set this u
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40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
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42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
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44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
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2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
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48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
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50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
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52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
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54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
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56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
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58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
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60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
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62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
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64 The Roman Army probably formed d
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66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
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3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
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70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
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72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
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74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
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76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
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78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
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1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
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3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
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8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
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11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
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14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
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18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
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80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
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82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
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84 The Roman Army the other legions
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Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
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88 The Roman Army outside the fort
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90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
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92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
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94 The Roman Army period of imperia
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96 The Roman Army being able to str
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98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
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100 The Roman Army against archers,
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102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
Page 137 and 138: 104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
Page 139 and 140: 106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
Page 141 and 142: 108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
Page 143 and 144: 5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
Page 145 and 146: 112 The Roman Army do whatever may
Page 147 and 148: 114 The Roman Army This is probably
Page 149 and 150: 116 The Roman Army For the date and
Page 151 and 152: 118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
Page 153 and 154: 120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
Page 155 and 156: 122 The Roman Army of that communit
Page 157 and 158: 124 The Roman Army identified as br
Page 159 and 160: 126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
Page 161 and 162: 128 The Roman Army for the eternity
Page 163 and 164: 130 The Roman Army [7] September [
Page 165 and 166: 132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
Page 167 and 168: 134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
Page 169 and 170: 136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
Page 171 and 172: 138 The Roman Army the names of Get
Page 173 and 174: 6 The army, the local community, an
Page 175 and 176: 142 The Roman Army informal adminis
Page 177 and 178: 144 The Roman Army either military
Page 179 and 180: 146 The Roman Army Two legions were
Page 181 and 182: 148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
Page 183 and 184: 150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
Page 185 and 186: 152 The Roman Army provision for th
Page 187: 154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
Page 191 and 192: 158 The Roman Army property in acco
Page 193 and 194: 160 The Roman Army the will. His so
Page 195 and 196: 162 The Roman Army did make his wil
Page 197 and 198: 164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
Page 199 and 200: 166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
Page 201 and 202: 168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
Page 203 and 204: 170 The Roman Army Published on 15
Page 205 and 206: 172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
Page 207 and 208: 174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
Page 209 and 210: 176 The Roman Army The reference to
Page 211 and 212: 178 The Roman Army with his own edi
Page 213 and 214: 180 The Roman Army of passing trave
Page 215 and 216: 182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
Page 217 and 218: 184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
Page 219 and 220: 186 The Roman Army the undivided su
Page 221 and 222: 188 The Roman Army name a figure of
Page 223 and 224: 190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
Page 225 and 226: 192 The Roman Army only explicit re
Page 227 and 228: 194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
Page 229 and 230: 196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
Page 231 and 232: 198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
Page 233 and 234: 200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
Page 235 and 236: 202 The Roman Army from your affirm
Page 237 and 238: 204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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