The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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The soldiers 37 53 ILS 2569, inscription, Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne), Lower Germany Gaius Julius Baccus, son of Gaius, of the tribe Galeria, from Lugdunum, soldier of the first cohort of Thracians, 38 years old, fifteen years’ service. Antistius Atticus and Bassius Communis, his heirs, had this erected. Baccus was a Roman citizen serving in an auxiliary unit, unusually recording his tribe; cf. text no. 54; he was probably granted citizenship by Tiberius. 54 ILS 2571, inscription, near Bingium (Bingen), Upper Germany, 1st C.AD (Sculpture of a soldier) Tiberius Julius Abdes Pantera, from Sidon, 62 years old, forty years’ service, soldier from the cohort of archers, is buried here. 55 ILS 2416, with Speidel 1978b: 71–2, inscription, Tarraco (Tarragona), Spain, AD 182 Sacred to Mars of the Parade and Training Ground for the welfare of Emperor Marcus Aurelius Commodus Augustus and the mounted guards, Titus Aurelius Decimus, centurion of Legion VII Gemina Fortunate, commander and also drill-instructor, dedicated this on 1 March, in the consulship of Mamertinus and Rufus. 56 AE 1923. 33, with Speidel 1978b: 75–6, inscription, Brohltal, Upper Germany, late 1st C.AD Sacred to Hercules Saxsanus. Celsus, centurion of the infantry guards, and his fellow-soldiers who are guards of Licinius Sura, legate, willingly, freely and deservedly fulfilled their vow. This inscription from the stone quarries at Brohltal relates to units of the army of Lower Germany. It is not clear, however, if Sura is legate of Lower Germany or merely a legionary legate, since this officer also had singulares. 57 ILS 2588, with Speidel 1978b: 77, inscription, Alsheim, Upper Germany, 3rd C.AD In honour of Faustinius Faustinus, son of Sennaucus Florio, soldier of the first Flavian cohort of Damascenes, footguard of the governor, Gemellinia Faustina, his mother, and Faustinia Potentina, his sister,
38 The Roman Army heirs, set this up in accordance with the wishes expressed in his will; he lived [twenty]-five years and died in the flower of his youth. They had this erected. The Urban Soldiers During the Republic a guard was set at the commander’s headquarters (praetorium), but during the civil wars this had become a personal bodyguard in attendance upon the military leaders. Augustus transformed this practice by establishing in 27 BC an élite unit with superior emoluments, shorter service, and more elaborate uniform than the legionaries, to act as his permanent bodyguard. The praetorian guard consisted of nine cohorts with 1,000 or possibly 500 men in each, and was stationed in Italian towns in the vicinity of Rome, although three cohorts always attended upon the person of the emperor. These soldiers, though armed, did not appear in dress uniform. This was a political ploy designed to allay the fears of senators who were unaccustomed to the presence of soldiers in Rome or indeed in Italy. The guard remained largely Italian even when few Italians served in the legions. When in 2 BC Augustus appointed two men of equestrian rank as praetorian prefects, they served as deputy commanders, since the emperor commanded the guard personally. By AD 23 Sejanus, the powerful praetorian prefect, had persuaded Tiberius to concentrate all the praetorians in a camp on the outskirts of Rome, and the guard remained central to Roman political life until disbanded by Constantine in AD 312. Sejanus may also have been responsible for increasing the number of cohorts to twelve (see text no. 96); Vitellius added another four, but Domitian settled the guard’s strength at ten cohorts, each with 1,000 men. Septimius Severus further increased the complement of troops in Italy by stationing a legion at Albanum, fifteen miles south east of Rome. Part of the guard normally accompanied an emperor on campaign and under the Flavians a special mounted bodyguard was created (equites singulares Augusti). Augustus also provided for a kind of police force—recruited from Italians, serving for twenty years in three urban cohorts, each 500 strong, commanded by a tribune, and under the overall direction of the prefect of the city. By Flavian times the number of cohorts had been increased to four, each of which contained 1,000 men. Additional cohorts were stationed at Puteoli, Ostia, and Carthage (all important for the shipment of corn to Rome), and at Lugdunum where there was a mint. Augustus instituted a fire brigade (Vigiles) possibly 3,920 strong, rising to 7,840 by AD 205, recruited from freedmen who served for six years, and
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The Roman Army, 31 BC-AD 337 The Ro
Page 5 and 6:
First published 1994 by Routledge 1
Page 8 and 9: Contents List of plates ix List of
Page 10 and 11: Plates 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus 2 Cen
Page 12 and 13: Preface and acknowledgements The Ro
Page 14 and 15: Abbreviations AE L’Année épigra
Page 16 and 17: P. S. I. Pubblicazioni della societ
Page 18 and 19: Emperors from Augustus to Constanti
Page 20: denarius (‘ten as-piece’) = 4 s
Page 23 and 24: 2 The Roman Army benefits are still
Page 25 and 26: 4 The Roman Army military as well a
Page 27 and 28: 6 The Roman Army The defeat of Cart
Page 29 and 30: 8 The Roman Army who supplied caval
Page 31 and 32: 10 The Roman Army career seemed mos
Page 33 and 34: 12 The Roman Army in a recruit, you
Page 35 and 36: 14 The Roman Army thanks to the lor
Page 37 and 38: 16 The Roman Army should keep in st
Page 39 and 40: 18 The Roman Army more impartial th
Page 41 and 42: 20 The Roman Army speedily. The rem
Page 43 and 44: 22 The Roman Army I paid monetary r
Page 45 and 46: 24 The Roman Army hay 10 drachmas f
Page 47 and 48: 26 The Roman Army I have received a
Page 49 and 50: 28 The Roman Army from having more
Page 51 and 52: 30 The Roman Army 34 Speidel 1980:7
Page 53 and 54: 32 The Roman Army 40 ILS 2442, insc
Page 55 and 56: 34 The Roman Army units were now be
Page 57: 36 The Roman Army and I have alread
Page 61 and 62: 40 The Roman Army 63 CIL 6. 2725=IL
Page 63 and 64: 42 The Roman Army principalis, acti
Page 65 and 66: 44 The Roman Army 77 CIL 6. 2896=IL
Page 67 and 68: 2 The officers CENTURIONS Centurion
Page 69 and 70: 48 The Roman Army The emperor was u
Page 71 and 72: 50 The Roman Army to Numidia, and f
Page 73 and 74: 52 The Roman Army of Legion III Aug
Page 75 and 76: 54 The Roman Army tribune of the fi
Page 77 and 78: 56 The Roman Army Aurelius Harpocra
Page 79 and 80: 58 The Roman Army Cornelius Minicia
Page 81 and 82: 60 The Roman Army officer for Egypt
Page 83 and 84: 62 The Roman Army Furthermore, an e
Page 85 and 86: 64 The Roman Army probably formed d
Page 87 and 88: 66 The Roman Army Moesia, legate of
Page 89 and 90: 3 The Emperor as commander-in-chief
Page 91 and 92: 70 The Roman Army to restrain thems
Page 93 and 94: 72 The Roman Army 127 Josephus (1st
Page 95 and 96: 74 The Roman Army Cornelius Fronto
Page 97 and 98: 76 The Roman Army his tribunician p
Page 99 and 100: 78 The Roman Army Lucius, in the si
Page 101 and 102: 1 Ti. Claudius Maximus Source: Kava
Page 103 and 104: 3 Trajan as commander-in-chief Sour
Page 105 and 106: 8 The Roman siege ramp at Masada Ph
Page 107 and 108: 11 The Mithraeum at Carrawburgh on
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14 Bronze diploma—exterior faces
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18 Bronze diploma—exterior face w
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80 The Roman Army Figure 1 Legionar
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82 The Roman Army fighting at the c
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84 The Roman Army the other legions
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Figure 3 The disposition of the leg
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88 The Roman Army outside the fort
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90 The Roman Army advisers, will ha
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92 The Roman Army guards and mounte
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94 The Roman Army period of imperia
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96 The Roman Army being able to str
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98 The Roman Army (Section 16) The
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100 The Roman Army against archers,
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102 The Roman Army (see Plate 8), t
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104 The Roman Army the cohort menti
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106 The Roman Army the wishes of Em
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108 The Roman Army 177 D 49. 16. 3.
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5 The army in peacetime MILITARY LI
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112 The Roman Army do whatever may
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114 The Roman Army This is probably
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116 The Roman Army For the date and
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118 The Roman Army Thiadices, who s
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120 The Roman Army 190 P. Dura 60B,
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122 The Roman Army of that communit
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124 The Roman Army identified as br
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126 The Roman Army The town of Sald
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128 The Roman Army for the eternity
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130 The Roman Army [7] September [
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132 The Roman Army Although Tertull
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134 The Roman Army 220 CIL 3. 11082
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136 The Roman Army Cocidius was a C
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138 The Roman Army the names of Get
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6 The army, the local community, an
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142 The Roman Army informal adminis
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144 The Roman Army either military
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146 The Roman Army Two legions were
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148 The Roman Army the Medes, in th
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150 The Roman Army [ _ _ _ ] Centur
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152 The Roman Army provision for th
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154 The Roman Army Longinia, had be
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156 The Roman Army opinion I gave y
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158 The Roman Army property in acco
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160 The Roman Army the will. His so
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162 The Roman Army did make his wil
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164 The Roman Army In Roman law eve
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166 The Roman Army from home. Soldi
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168 The Roman Army 277 CJ 12. 33(34
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170 The Roman Army Published on 15
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172 The Roman Army solution, becaus
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174 The Roman Army ask that you sho
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176 The Roman Army The reference to
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178 The Roman Army with his own edi
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180 The Roman Army of passing trave
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182 The Roman Army The Roman empero
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184 The Roman Army foreseen. Or was
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186 The Roman Army the undivided su
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188 The Roman Army name a figure of
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190 The Roman Army disgraceful and
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192 The Roman Army only explicit re
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194 The Roman Army Rome) even thoug
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196 The Roman Army grandson of Germ
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198 The Roman Army and (13) first T
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200 The Roman Army the fatherland,
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202 The Roman Army from your affirm
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204 The Roman Army honourably disch
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206 The Roman Army 337 FIRA 3. 171=
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208 The Roman Army (Fourth hand) (S
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210 The Roman Army service in the c
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212 The Roman Army colonies, or del
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214 The Roman Army Augustus himself
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216 The Roman Army 349 CIL 16. 13=M
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218 The Roman Army main roads did n
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220 The Roman Army 357 ILS 9085, in
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222 The Roman Army and Vergil in Ec
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224 The Roman Army you who are aliv
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226 The Roman Army 367 AE 1974. 283
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228 The Roman Army 374 ILS 9400, in
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230 The Roman Army considerable pro
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232 The Roman Army military organiz
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234 The Roman Army recruitment and
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236 The Roman Army Domitius Aurelia
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238 The Roman Army on the emperor (
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240 The Roman Army This rescript is
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242 The Roman Army peaceful repose
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244 The Roman Army in respect of on
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246 The Roman Army the soldiers, an
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248 The Roman Army (Alexander) gave
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Select bibliography Alföldy, G.. (
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252 Select bibliography Duncan-Jone
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254 Select bibliography Marsden, E.
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Index of translated passages LITERA
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258 Index of translated passages 24
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Index of names and subjects Promine
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266 Index of names and subjects Ces
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268 Index of names and subjects Gro
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270 Index of names and subjects Pat
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272 Index of names and subjects Vel
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The Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 337: A Sourcebook

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